{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:33:32Z","timestamp":1791408812705,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Airway and alveolar epithelial cells serve as the primary defense in the lower respiratory tract, yet their exact role in\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is incompletely understood. Given that\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a human-restricted pathogen, a representative human model is required. Lung organoids (LOs), which are composed of various epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and extracellular matrix, facilitate the investigation of bacterial infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we established an\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection model using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived LOs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prolonged infection led to the gradual invasion of\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      from the periphery to the interior of the organoid, leading to decreased viability and the induction of fibrotic responses. Transcriptomic and protein analyses suggest that Mtb infection triggered a TLR4\/NF-\u03baB-associated inflammatory response. Additionally, the elevation of antimicrobial peptides and the release of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were noted in the infected LOs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings emphasize the potential role of LOs in host defense and demonstrate that the\n                      <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected lung organoid model provides a novel platform for elucidating the role of pulmonary structural cells in tuberculosis pathogenesis. Furthermore, this model opens new avenues for the development of molecular therapeutic strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1725344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:18:48Z","timestamp":1770707928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human lung organoids model for assessing host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chaofan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Medicine, Eighth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meida","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis Medicine, Eighth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.747799","article-title":"Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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