{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:00:09Z","timestamp":1791615609013,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the epidemiological patterns of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children (0\u201314 years) in Shijiazhuang and the impact of meteorological factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen respiratory pathogens were detected by fluorescent PCR melting curve analysis. LASSO regression screened environmental factors; generalized additive model (GAM) analyzed nonlinear associations between meteorological conditions and ARI incidence; distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) explored lagged\/cumulative effects of meteorological factors and pollutants. Pathogen distribution differences were tested by \u03c7\u00b2 or Fisher\u2019s exact test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1,961 ARI cases were included, with an overall pathogen positivity rate of 78.23%. Positivity rates differed significantly by age, season, and case classification (all P &amp;lt; 0.05), being highest in 3\u20136-year-olds, summer, and outpatient\/emergency cases. Single infections (59.19%) were dominant; SP and Hi were prone to mixed infections, EV to quadruple+ infections. Pathogen spectrum varied by age and season. Time-series analysis showed seasonal ARI peaks in winter. DLNM revealed nonlinear associations between all environmental factors and ARI: O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (33.5 \u03bcg\/m\u00b3, RR = 4.3051) and SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (39.4 \u03bcg\/m\u00b3) had strong effects; high CO (49.40 mg\/m\u00b3), high temperature (31.1 \u00b0C), and low-moderate humidity (27%\u201342.5%) increased risk; high NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      had moderate lagged risk. GAM confirmed nonlinear associations, with highest ARI risk at 3.63 \u00b0C (RR = 1.89, 95% CI:1.74\u20132.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High pathogen detection rate was observed in 2024\u20132025. ARI had distinct age\/season patterns, with winter peaks. Low\/high temperature, low humidity, and high SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were key risk factors with immediate + cumulative effects, providing data for prevention and early warning.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1725358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:42:38Z","timestamp":1777009358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of pathogenic characteristics of acute respiratory tract infections in children and the influence of environmental factors in Shijiazhuang area"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shangze","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyue","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.25.294800","article-title":"Climate change and increased risk of respiratory infections in humans","volume":"103","author":"Abrescia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bull. 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