{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:31:36Z","timestamp":1793046696734,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages. Various pathogens can cause this condition, and growing antibiotic resistance makes treatment more difficult while raising the risk of severe outcomes. Despite substantial advances in diagnostics, antimicrobial therapy, and supportive care, CAP continues to represent a significant clinical and public health challenge. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of CAP, summarizing key aspects of its epidemiology, pathogen frequency, and recent progress in diagnostic tools and biomarkers. We also describe the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in CAP, with a particular focus on pneumonia caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and Influenza A and B viruses. A deeper understanding of CAP immunopathogenesis may support the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pneumonia management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T07:09:13Z","timestamp":1770793753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Ferriero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Di Lella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Farroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Giarratano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d (AOUP)","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Bocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Nicastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138386","article-title":"SARS-coV-2 and the pandemic of COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Adil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad Med. 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