{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:56:05Z","timestamp":1790200565847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the primary risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory viral infections, particularly influenza A virus (IAV), are major triggers of acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). However, the dynamic interactions among pulmonary pathology, gut microbiota, and host metabolism during these episodes remains unclear. This study aimed to delineate the longitudinal characteristics of virus-induced AECOPD and identify potential biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for eight weeks, followed by intranasal inoculation with IAV. A longitudinal assessment was conducted from day 1 to day 15 post-infection, integrating analyses of lung pathology, lung function, gut microbiome, and both serum and fecal metabolomes. Additionally, random forest modeling was employed to identify specific metabolic biomarkers associated with the acute exacerbation stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mice exposed to cigarette smoke and IAV exhibited significant pulmonary immune cell recruitment, impaired lung function, and emphysematous changes, peaking at day 5 post-infection. By day 15, acute airway inflammation had subsided; however, interstitial immune cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and emphysema persisted. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed dynamic shifts in gut microbiota composition, with the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Intestinimonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      positively correlating with pulmonary inflammatory markers. Untargeted metabolomics demonstrated sustained downregulation of serum unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways from day 3 to day 15, and these metabolites were negatively correlated with lung inflammation. Random forest analysis identified 1-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA) as a promising biomarker for distinguishing virus-triggered AECOPD, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.0.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that cigarette smoke combined with influenza infection induces persistent lung injury alongside concurrent disruption of intestinal flora and serum metabolism. The findings show that gut microbiota and metabolites are potential biomarkers and supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for virus-induced AECOPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:28:21Z","timestamp":1775539701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal multi-omics evidence reveals lung injury and concurrent disruption of intestinal flora and serum metabolism by cigarette smoke and influenza virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhihang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huameng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaocong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","place":["Zhuhai, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianling","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome\/Department of Respiratory Disease","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45961","article-title":"The three R\u2019s of lung health and disease: repair, remodeling, and regeneration","volume":"121","author":"Beers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0389-9","article-title":"1-methylnicotinamide and its structural analog 1,4-dimethylpyridine for the prevention of cancer metastasis","volume":"35","author":"Blazejczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20211090","article-title":"Ebselen abolishes vascular dysfunction in influenza A virus-induced exacerbations of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice","volume":"136","author":"Brassington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00512","article-title":"Comprehensive metabolomics study to assess longitudinal biochemical changes and potential early biomarkers in nonobese diabetic mice that progress to diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Buchwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330521","article-title":"Faecal microbial transfer and complex carbohydrates mediate protection against COPD","volume":"73","author":"Budden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10062","article-title":"Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S58454","article-title":"Expert consensus on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1150043","article-title":"Fecal and serum metabolomic signatures and gut microbiota characteristics of allergic rhinitis mice model","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115428","article-title":"Requirement of CD4-positive T cells for cellular recruitment to the lungs of mice in response to a particulate intratracheal antigen","volume":"88","author":"Curtis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.08.009","article-title":"Andrographolide inhibits influenza A virus-induced inflammation in a murine model through NF-\u03baB and JAK-STAT signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02774-6","article-title":"Early-life house dust mite aeroallergen exposure augments cigarette smoke-induced myeloid inflammation and emphysema in mice","volume":"25","author":"Fung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"109","article-title":"1-Methylnicotinamide: a potent anti-inflammatory agent of vitamin origin","volume":"55","author":"Gebicki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00297-9","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: mitohormetic concept of immune response","volume":"6","author":"Gebicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Death Discov."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00223113","article-title":"Human rhinovirus infection during naturally occurring COPD exacerbations","volume":"44","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-9-53","article-title":"Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice","volume":"9","author":"Gualano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01623-4","article-title":"Amifostine ameliorates bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis via NAD+\/SIRT1\/AMPK pathway-mediated effects on mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17963","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312571110","article-title":"Mitochondrial protein mitofusin 2 is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation after RNA virus infection","volume":"110","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0811427","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex disparities in influenza pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-218374","article-title":"Ambient heat exposure and COPD hospitalisations in England: a nationwide case-crossover study during 2007-2018","volume":"77","author":"Konstantinoudis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-025-00212-0","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and the gut microbiome: a new frontier in cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322599","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulates COPD pathogenesis: role of anti-inflammatory Parabacteroides goldsteinii lipopolysaccharide","volume":"71","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2024.101397","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1260543","article-title":"Diverse roles of lung macrophages in the immune response to influenza A virus","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2022.2070062","article-title":"Association of PM2.5 and PM10 with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at lag0 to lag7: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113810","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a new insight into lung diseases","volume":"155","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.03.011","article-title":"Small intestine microbiota regulate host digestive and absorptive adaptive responses to dietary lipids","volume":"23","author":"Martinez-Guryn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01722.x","article-title":"Prevalence of viral infection detected by PCR and RT\u2010PCR in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170411","article-title":"Tobacco smoke-induced lung fibrosis and emphysema","volume":"76","author":"Morse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202000039","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics of human plasma reveal lipid markers unique to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Nambiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin. Appl."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S405547","article-title":"A novel metabolic score for predicting the acute exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868086","article-title":"COPD and gut-lung axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence COPD and related therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02002\u20139","article-title":"Gut bacterium Intestinimonas butyriciproducens improves host metabolic health: evidence from cohort and animal intervention studies","volume":"13","author":"Rampanelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2105011","article-title":"Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"164","author":"Seemungal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.003","article-title":"Microbiota regulate intestinal absorption and metabolism of fatty acids in the zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"Semova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.013","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis during influenza contributes to pulmonary pneumococcal superinfection through altered short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"30","author":"Sencio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900473","article-title":"Smoking-dependent reprogramming of alveolar macrophage polarization: implication for pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"183","author":"Shaykhiev","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1487393","article-title":"Exploring the potential role of microbiota and metabolites in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110445","article-title":"1-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA) inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages","volume":"121","author":"Sidor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-27","article-title":"Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation","volume":"10","author":"Singanayagam","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900407","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00407-2019","article-title":"Time-course of upper respiratory tract viral infection and COPD exacerbation","volume":"54","author":"Stolz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230932","article-title":"Effects of sex and chronic cigarette smoke exposure on the mouse cecal microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Tam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz309","article-title":"Longitudinal metabolomic analysis of plasma enables modeling disease progression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models","volume":"29","author":"Tsonaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.11.012","article-title":"Dynamic differences in dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in sputum of COPD patients and controls","volume":"1864","author":"van der Does","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1066TR","article-title":"The bidirectional gut-lung axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02511-5","article-title":"Acute cigarette smoke exposure leads to higher viral infection in human bronchial epithelial cultures by altering interferon, glycolysis and GDF15-related pathways","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.535310","article-title":"Fecal and serum metabolomic signatures and microbial community profiling of postmenopausal osteoporosis mice model","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.1.73","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"58","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118738","article-title":"Variations in fecal microbial profiles of acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"265","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00753-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived isovaleric acid ameliorates influenza virus infection via gut-lung axis","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08706-x","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and influenza: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31512","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiota in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of varying severity-a prospective, observational study","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19051","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.123620","article-title":"Macrophage alpha1 AMP-activated protein kinase (alpha1AMPK) antagonizes fatty acid-induced inflammation through SIRT1","volume":"285","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0386-z","article-title":"Influenza A virus infection impacts systemic microbiota dynamics and causes quantitative enteric dysbiosis","volume":"6","author":"Yildiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210050","article-title":"The traditional herbal formulation, Jianpiyifei II, reduces pulmonary inflammation induced by influenza A virus and cigarette smoke in mice","volume":"135","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180912","article-title":"Matrine reduces cigarette smoke-induced airway neutrophilic inflammation by enhancing neutrophil apoptosis","volume":"133","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02914-x","article-title":"Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis: a key driver of systemic diseases and emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Death Discov."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00047-22","article-title":"Longitudinal 16S rRNA sequencing reveals relationships among alterations of gut microbiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhuge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731390\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1775539704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731390\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1731390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"article-number":"1731390"}}