{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:04:53Z","timestamp":1780553093020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early life represents a critical window for the establishment and maturation of the human microbiome. The sterile womb paradigm remains dominant in the field, but\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    microbial colonization is highly controversial due to challenges related to low-biomass contamination. After birth, the intestinal and pulmonary microbial communities undergo a programmed succession shaped by factors such as delivery mode, feeding practices, and environmental exposures, and they bidirectionally regulate host immune and metabolic homeostasis via the gut\u2013lung axis. Dysbiosis during early life is closely associated with allergic diseases, metabolic disorders, and respiratory illnesses. This review summarizes the dynamic succession patterns of the intestinal and pulmonary microbiota during early life, analyzes the methodological origins of the ongoing controversy over\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization, delineates the developmental characteristics of the pulmonary microbiome at distinct stages, and systematically discusses the translational potential, clinical risks, and ethical challenges of microbiome-targeted interventions. Collectively, this review aims to provide a theoretical reference for early-life health protection and disease prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1739520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1780551690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progressive microbial alterations in the human gut and lung across early life: implications for translational medicine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yaping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Georgian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent E.","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis","place":["Davis, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.0960","article-title":"Association of hospital adoption of probiotics with outcomes among neonates with very low birth weight","volume":"4","author":"Agha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04177","article-title":"Microbiota-targeted interventions and clinical implications for maternal-offspring health: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Alemu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-069102","article-title":"Effectiveness and risks of probiotics in preterm infants","volume":"155","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00265-w","article-title":"Gut microbiome development in early childhood is affected by day care attendance","volume":"8","author":"Amir","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02147","article-title":"Diet, microbiota and gut-lung connection","volume":"9","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090784","article-title":"Meconium microbiome analysis identifies bacteria correlated with premature birth","volume":"9","author":"Ardissone","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life","volume":"17","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.10.012","article-title":"Impact of postpartum hospital length of stay on infant gut microbiota: a comprehensive analysis of vaginal and caesarean birth","volume":"156","author":"Bashar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hosp Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00037-15","article-title":"Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Bassis","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18849","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut","volume":"535","author":"B\u00e4umler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2026.2629269","article-title":"Reprogramming human health through the microbiome and precision medicine","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.008","article-title":"Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota","volume":"46","author":"Belkaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0","article-title":"Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1240OC","article-title":"Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children","volume":"190","author":"Biesbroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2005751","article-title":"When to suspect contamination rather than colonization - lessons from a putative fetal sheep microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Bihl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5035371","article-title":"Desired turbulence? Gut-lung axis, immunity, and lung cancer","volume":"2017","author":"Bingula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0694-0","article-title":"Bacterial colonization reprograms the neonatal gut metabolome","volume":"5","author":"Bittinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.49","article-title":"Association of caesarean delivery with child adiposity from age 6 weeks to 15 years","volume":"37","author":"Blustein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1681961","article-title":"Determinants of the lung microbiome in intubated premature infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"34","author":"Brewer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. Off. J. Eur. Assoc. Perinat Med. Fed Asia Ocean Perinat Soc Int. Soc Perinat Obstet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174418000119","article-title":"The developing gut microbiota and its consequences for health","volume":"9","author":"Butel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig Health Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.039","article-title":"Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome","volume":"187","author":"Carlino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023294","article-title":"A microbiota-directed food intervention for undernourished children","volume":"384","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2015.1002473","article-title":"Aging and the microbiome: implications for asthma in the elderly","volume":"9","author":"Chotirmall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00950-12","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cells are critical in protection of the respiratory tract by secretion of factors able to modulate the activity of pulmonary macrophages and directly control bacterial growth","volume":"81","author":"Chuquimia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032125","article-title":"The role of alveolar epithelial cells in initiating and shaping pulmonary immune responses: communication between innate and adaptive immune systems","volume":"7","author":"Chuquimia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000055385.29232.11","article-title":"Sepsis from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia decreases intestinal proliferation and induces gut epithelial cell cycle arrest","volume":"31","author":"Coopersmith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.052","article-title":"Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences","volume":"158","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00429-w","article-title":"Maternal intake of probiotics to program offspring health","volume":"11","author":"Cuinat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009951.pub3","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing gestational diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70147","article-title":"The respiratory tract microbiome and human health","volume":"18","author":"de C\u00f3rdoba-Ans\u00f3n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1451-5","article-title":"Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens","volume":"572","author":"de Goffau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02287-16","article-title":"Bacterial topography of the healthy human lower respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02419-14","article-title":"Dynamics of infant gut microbiota are influenced by delivery mode and gestational duration and are associated with subsequent adiposity","volume":"6","author":"Dogra","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4039","article-title":"Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer","volume":"22","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1560-1","article-title":"Laboratory contamination in airway microbiome studies","volume":"19","author":"Drengenes","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.101017","article-title":"Gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in pregnant mothers and infant atopic dermatitis: A multi-omics study","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.11.003","article-title":"Contamination in low microbial biomass microbiome studies: issues and recommendations","volume":"27","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.2.352","article-title":"The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed infant. 1885","volume":"11","author":"Escherich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d1b11e","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota of 6-week-old infants across Europe: geographic influence beyond delivery mode, breast-feeding, and antibiotics","volume":"51","author":"Fallani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.06.005","article-title":"Mother-to-infant microbial transmission from different body sites shapes the developing infant gut microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz006","article-title":"Improved feeding tolerance and growth are linked to increased gut microbial community diversity in very-low-birth-weight infants fed mother\u2019s own milk compared with donor breast milk","volume":"109","author":"Ford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330497","article-title":"Exploring the impact of gut microbial metabolites on inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy during pregnancy and mother-to-infant antibody transfer","volume":"73","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001631","article-title":"Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission","volume":"11","author":"Funkhouser","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101072","article-title":"Investigation of associations between the neonatal gut microbiota and severe viral lower respiratory tract infections in the first 2 years of life: a birth cohort study with metagenomics","volume":"6","author":"Garcia-Mauri\u00f1o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03615-9","article-title":"Clinical translation of microbiome research","volume":"31","author":"Gilbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90782-8","article-title":"Bacterial colonization and infection in the neonate","volume":"70","author":"Goldmanln","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3568","article-title":"Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1","volume":"20","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.004","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes","volume":"38","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1176988","article-title":"Gut-lung axis: The microbial contributions and clinical implications","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1429436","article-title":"Microbiota activation and regulation of adaptive immunity","volume":"15","author":"Heidari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12434","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers\u2014the ALADDIN birth cohort","volume":"90","author":"Hesla","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Transduction Targeting Ther."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.03.008","article-title":"GPCR-mediated signaling of metabolites","volume":"25","author":"Husted","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.08.005","article-title":"Development of the pediatric gut microbiome: Impact on health and disease","volume":"356","author":"Ihekweazu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15217","article-title":"The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease","volume":"287","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","article-title":"Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonization and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section","volume":"63","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0469-y","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplantation and a high fiber diet attenuates emphysema development by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"52","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v8.i2.23","article-title":"Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants - an updated review","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2013.6","article-title":"Development of the gut microbiota in southern Indian infants from birth to 6 months: a molecular analysis","volume":"2","author":"Kabeerdoss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D480","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm882","article-title":"KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment","volume":"36","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.02.008","article-title":"Immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory responses of bacterial lysates in respiratory infections and asthma","volume":"114","author":"Kearney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Off. Publ Am. Coll. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05546-8","article-title":"Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies","volume":"613","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23953","article-title":"In children, the microbiota of the nasopharynx and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are both similar and different","volume":"53","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9","article-title":"Best practices for analyzing microbiomes","volume":"16","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2018.06.003","article-title":"Early life colonization of the human gut: microbes matter everywhere","volume":"44","author":"Korpela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.047","article-title":"Maternal fecal microbiota transplantation in cesarean-born infants rapidly restores normal gut microbial development: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"183","author":"Korpela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00180","article-title":"Gut microbiota, immunity, and disease: a complex relationship","volume":"2","author":"Kosiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1246","article-title":"TLR activation triggers the rapid differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"11","author":"Krutzik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31023","article-title":"The airway microbiome at birth","volume":"6","author":"Lal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0477-6","article-title":"Having older siblings is associated with gut microbiota development during early childhood","volume":"15","author":"Laursen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12599","article-title":"Manipulating the baby biome: what are the issues","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z J. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050916","article-title":"Targeting the pulmonary microbiota to fight against respiratory diseases","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01722-y","article-title":"Lung microbiome: new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal. Transduction Targeting Ther."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16174","article-title":"Authors\u2019 reply re: \u201cVaginal seeding\u201d after a caesarean section provides benefits to newborn children: AGAINST: Vaginal microbiome transfer - a medical procedure with clear risks and uncertain benefits","volume":"127","author":"Limaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300716","article-title":"The lung microbiome","volume":"212","author":"Lipinksi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100793","article-title":"Effects of vaginal seeding on gut microbiota, body mass index, and allergy risks in infants born through cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2351503","article-title":"Microbiota transplantation in restoring cesarean-related infant dysbiosis: a new frontier","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3","article-title":"No microorganism was detected in amniotic fluid of healthy pregnancies from the second trimester to the delivery","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.005","article-title":"Lung homeostasis: influence of age, microbes, and the immune system","volume":"46","author":"Lloyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.020","article-title":"Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation prevents rhinovirus infections in preterm infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"133","author":"Luoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-023-02188-9","article-title":"Distinguishable influence of the delivery mode, feeding pattern, and infant sex on dynamic alterations in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life","volume":"86","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0297-9","article-title":"Antibiotic perturbation of the murine gut microbiome enhances the adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver disease associated with high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Mahana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","article-title":"The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-133AW","article-title":"The gut-lung axis in respiratory disease","author":"Marsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01168","article-title":"Paradigms of lung microbiota functions in health and disease, particularly, in asthma","volume":"9","author":"Mathieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646721","article-title":"Contributions of the intestinal microbiome in lung immunity","volume":"48","author":"McAleer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100156","article-title":"Delivery mode affects stability of early infant gut microbiota","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2007.11.002","article-title":"Fecal microflora of Greek healthy neonates","volume":"14","author":"Mitsou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw069","article-title":"Intervention strategies for cesarean section-induced alterations in the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"75","author":"Moya-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00491-23","article-title":"Maternal bacterial engraftment in multiple body sites of cesarean section born neonates after vaginal seeding-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Mueller","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000455215","article-title":"Dysbiosis in the neonatal period: role of cesarean section","volume":"88","author":"Neu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8486","article-title":"Metabolic and metagenomic outcomes from early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment","volume":"6","author":"Nobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI184314","article-title":"The microbiome as a modulator of neurological health across the maternal-offspring interface","volume":"135","author":"Orchanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.08.042","article-title":"Airway microbiome and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: a systematic review","volume":"204","author":"Pammi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02764-6","article-title":"Is there a placental microbiota? A critical review and re-analysis of published placental microbiota datasets","volume":"23","author":"Panzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010179","article-title":"Skin disorders and osteoporosis: unraveling the interplay between vitamin D, microbiota, and epigenetics within the skin-bone axis","volume":"26","author":"Papa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.019","article-title":"Early-life formation of the microbial and immunological environment of the human airways","volume":"24","author":"Pattaroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101167","article-title":"The respiratory tract microbiome, the pathogen load, and clinical interventions define severity of bacterial pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"P\u00e9rez-Cobas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318259abdb","article-title":"Mechanisms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia-induced intestinal epithelial apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Perrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock Augusta Ga"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17940","article-title":"Development of the gut microbiota and mucosal IgA responses in twins and gnotobiotic mice","volume":"534","author":"Planer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk1887","article-title":"The maternal microbiome promotes placental development in mice","volume":"9","author":"Pronovost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.11.014","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in fetal development and metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03241-8","article-title":"Multi-kingdom ecological drivers of microbiota assembly in preterm infants","volume":"591","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.08.043","article-title":"Reciprocal gut microbiota transplants from zebrafish and mice to germ-free recipients reveal host habitat selection","volume":"127","author":"Rawls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.028","article-title":"Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria","volume":"219","author":"Rehbinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.181","article-title":"Bacteria isolated from lung modulate asthma susceptibility in mice","volume":"11","author":"Remot","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.5.1999","article-title":"Surface lymphotoxin alpha\/beta complex is required for the development of peripheral lymphoid organs","volume":"184","author":"Rennert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.100875","article-title":"Asthma at 8 years of age in children born by caesarean section","volume":"64","author":"Roduit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0498-0","article-title":"The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants\u2019 life: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Rutayisire","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z","article-title":"Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses","volume":"12","author":"Salter","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.07.005","article-title":"Crucial nuances in understanding (mis)associations between the neonatal microbiome and Cesarean delivery","volume":"28","author":"Sassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8588","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum strain maintains growth of infant mice during chronic undernutrition","volume":"351","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","article-title":"Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans","volume":"164","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1","article-title":"Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth","volume":"574","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S383812","article-title":"Mast cell specific receptor Mrgprb2 regulating experimental colitis is associated with the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-017-0122-9","article-title":"Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med. Res."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2017.6","article-title":"Microbiome effects on immunity, health and disease in the lung","volume":"6","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02801.x","article-title":"The preterm gut microbiota: changes associated with necrotizing enterocolitis and infection","volume":"101","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Oslo Nor 1992"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02573-2","article-title":"Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Stokholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.01.018","article-title":"Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations","volume":"208","author":"Stout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.06.003","article-title":"Bugged before birth?: how maternal microbes reprogram offspring immunity","volume":"33","author":"Strine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0223OC","article-title":"Host response to the lung microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"192","author":"Sze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129122","article-title":"Developmental origin of lung macrophage diversity","volume":"143","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Camb Engl."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.07.010","article-title":"Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life","volume":"66","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol Int. Off. J. Jpn. Soc Allergol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.101.39","article-title":"Correlation between gut microbiota and lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi Chin. J. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.005","article-title":"Airway microbiota dynamics uncover a critical window for interplay of pathogenic bacteria and allergy in childhood respiratory disease","volume":"24","author":"Teo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4008","article-title":"Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues","volume":"22","author":"Thome","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8320","article-title":"Evidence that asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites","volume":"6","author":"Thorburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2206505","article-title":"Maternal microbe-specific modulation of the offspring microbiome and development during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1747336","article-title":"16S rRNA sequencing analysis: the devil is in the details","volume":"11","author":"Tsou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0254-x","article-title":"Exposure to household furry pets influences the gut microbiota of infants at 3\u20134 months following various birth scenarios","volume":"5","author":"Tun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.956141","article-title":"Postnatal probiotic supplementation can prevent and optimize treatment of childhood asthma and atopic disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Uwaezuoke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228730","article-title":"Network analysis of gut microbiome and metabolome to discover microbiota-linked biomarkers in patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Vernocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3100858","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Vinolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/892568","article-title":"Alterations of the murine gut microbiome with age and allergic airway disease","volume":"2015","author":"Vital","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-007-8032-3","article-title":"Host factors in amniotic fluid and breast milk that contribute to gut maturation","volume":"34","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3849","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, lactoferrin, and combination products for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102398","article-title":"Study of the relationship between mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e274","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002402","article-title":"Committee opinion No. 725: vaginal seeding","volume":"130","author":"Wharton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150473","article-title":"The lung microbiome: progress and promise","volume":"131","author":"Whiteside","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1756150","article-title":"Ethnic diversity in infant gut microbiota is apparent before the introduction of complementary diets","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910872","article-title":"The lung microbiome during health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Yagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113466","article-title":"Environmentally determined differences in the murine lung microbiota and their relation to alveolar architecture","volume":"9","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01749-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota contributes to bisphenol A-induced maternal intestinal and placental apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fetal growth restriction in pregnant ewe model by regulating gut-placental axis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03644-0","article-title":"Role of lung and gut microbiota on lung cancer pathogenesis","volume":"147","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.022","article-title":"Effects of vaginal microbiota transfer on the neurodevelopment and microbiome of cesarean-born infants: A blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1739520\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:41:34Z","timestamp":1780551694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1739520\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1739520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1739520","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"article-number":"1739520"}}