{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:11:18Z","timestamp":1790611878194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species pose a significant public health concern due to their association with various infections and the rising levels of antibiotic resistance. This study examined the antibiotic resistance profiles of nine\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species obtained from the culture collection at North-West University\u2019s Potchefstroom campus in South Africa using whole genome sequencing. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), plasmid types, and the identification of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were performed on\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. The nine sequenced\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolates were identified as\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n = 2) originated from sheep faeces,\n                    <jats:italic>K. variicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n = 2) and\n                    <jats:italic>K. michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (n = 5) isolated from water (river stream). The genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>K. variicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>K. michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    contained antibiotic resistance genes for fosfomycin (\n                    <jats:italic>fosA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), nalidixic acid (\n                    <jats:italic>oqxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and \u03b2-lactamase (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>LEN24\/16<\/jats:sub>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXY-1-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), aminoglycoside (\n                    <jats:italic>aph(3\u2019)-Ia_5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), efflux pump [\n                    <jats:italic>mdf(A<\/jats:italic>\n                    )] and tetracycline [\n                    <jats:italic>tet(34<\/jats:italic>\n                    )]. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>K. michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains harboured the aminoglycoside\n                    <jats:italic>aph(3\u2019)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene.\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains KPT2 and KPT4 contained a plasmid AB595 that encodes for tetracycline (\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), sulphonamide (\n                    <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and aminoglycoside (\n                    <jats:italic>aph(3\u2019)-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Core virulence genes encoding siderophores (\n                    <jats:italic>ent<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fep<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>iutA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), adhesins (\n                    <jats:italic>fim<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ecp<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and quorum sensing (\n                    <jats:italic>luxS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were present across\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolates. Additional flagellar-related genes, including those for motor assembly (\n                    <jats:italic>fliE, fliF, fliG, fliH, fliI<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>fliJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and motility (\n                    <jats:italic>motA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>motB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), were exclusive in the\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain KPT4, highlighting their crucial role in biofilm formation and survival under antibiotic stress. The identification of ARGs, including\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV-194<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fosA6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>oqxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>tet(A)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from sheep further highlights the circulation of antimicrobial resistance determinants in low-resource settings, where surveillance is limited and exposure to untreated animal waste is prevalent. This study provides genomic evidence that rural agricultural environments serve as underappreciated multidrug-resistant and potentially virulent\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species reservoirs and underscore the need for integrated One Health surveillance in low-resource farming communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1743913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:51:05Z","timestamp":1773211865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genomic characterisation and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella species isolated from small stock and environmental sources in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tshepang","family":"Motlhaping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidre\u0301","family":"Van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria","place":["Onderstepoort, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kgaugelo E.","family":"Lekota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsepo","family":"Ramatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology","place":["Bloemfontein, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7012958","article-title":"Association of antibiotic resistance, cell adherence, and biofilm production with the endemicity of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"2018","author":"Alc\u00e1ntar-Curiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. 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