{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:12:56Z","timestamp":1794035576649,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Amidst the escalating global threat of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for novel antibacterial agents with distinct mechanisms of action to address the impending post-antibiotic era. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), membrane-active peptides characterized by rapid bactericidal effects, broad-spectrum activity, and low resistance development potential, are considered promising candidates for overcoming the current multidrug resistance (MDR) crisis. However, the clinical application of AMPs is significantly limited by inherent drawbacks, including susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, poor oral bioavailability, potential mammalian cytotoxicity, low\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy, and high production costs. These limitations have spurred extensive efforts to redesign and modify AMPs based on their physicochemical properties and mechanisms. This review first summarizes four classical models describing the initial binding and membrane disruption processes of AMPs. It then focuses on recent advancements in the chemical synthesis and modification of AMPs, as well as AMP-based drug delivery systems. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the mechanisms of action, progress in novel therapeutic strategies, and prospects for the clinical translation of AMPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1745427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:41:59Z","timestamp":1771483319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Overcoming multidrug resistance: antimicrobial peptides as a next-generation therapeutic strategy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Dongguan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luojia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Aesthetic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyin","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Dongguan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"","journal-title":"2021 Antibacterial agents in clinical and preclinical development an overview and analysis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8020019","article-title":"Improving the activity of trp-rich antimicrobial peptides by arg\/lys substitutions and changing the length of cationic residues","volume":"8","author":"Arias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157959","article-title":"Effects of lipidation on a proline-rich antibacterial peptide","volume":"22","author":"Armas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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