{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:32:33Z","timestamp":1793197953625,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n The research aims to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n infection after keratoplasty and provide evidence-based guidance for the clinical management of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n infections in ophthalmic practice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n Biofilms were cultured from 45 strains of\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n . The total biomass of the biofilms was measured using the crystal violet staining method, and the biofilm activity was assessed via the XTT reduction assay. Cell surface hydrophobicity and adhesion were evaluated for all\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of planktonic\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n was determined using the colorimetric microbroth dilution method, while the MIC of biofilm-embedded\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n was measured via the XTT reduction assay. The release of 1, 3-\u03b2-D-glucan was detected using the G-test, and the chemotactic ability of 1, 3-\u03b2-D-glucan on neutrophils was evaluated via the Transwell assay. Molecular typing of\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n was performed using microsatellite genotyping. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In 45 postoperative ocular\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n isolates,\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n accounted for 48.9% (22\/45),\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n 35.6% (16\/45),\n Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n 11.1% (5\/45), and\n Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n 4.4% (2\/45). The total biofilm biomass and metabolic activity of\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n at 4\u00b0C were significantly higher than those of the other\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species. In the cell surface hydrophobicity assay,\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n was more hydrophobic than\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n , but less hydrophobic than\n Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n . Among\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 77.3% (17\/22) showed strong adhesion ability and 81.8% (18\/22) showed strong biofilm-forming ability (OD450&gt;0.16).\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n colony and spore morphology were found to correlate with biofilm-forming ability. Strains with strong biofilm-forming ability had wrinkled, dry colonies; Gram-stained spores appeared as pseudohyphae; and lactophenol cotton blue staining showed spores that were uniformly and deeply stained. In the biofilm-antigenicity analysis, the non-biofilm-forming group\u2019s 1, 3-\u03b2-D-glucan release was significantly higher than that of the strong biofilm group, thereby attracting more neutrophils. In antifungal susceptibility tests, except for\n C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n , biofilm-grown\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) than planktonic cells for all antifungal drugs. Caspofungin was active against all isolates in both states.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study demonstrates that\n C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n has greater adhesion ability and a stronger capacity to form biofilms at 4\u00b0C (with higher metabolic activity) than other\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species. When laboratory findings reveal a\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n isolate with a rough colony morphology, its biofilm-forming ability should be tested and antifungal susceptibility should be assessed under biofilm-growing conditions rather than in planktonic culture.Clinically, we recommend shifting antifungal therapy to caspofungin for such infections.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1753328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:31:23Z","timestamp":1770013883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biofilm-related characteristics of Candida parapsilosis in postoperative ocular infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University First Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050798","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance or cross-resistance, that is the question","volume":"12","author":"Abbood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24612","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24612","article-title":"Candidemia among ICU patients: species characterisation, resistance pattern and association with candida score: A prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad131","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad131","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis: A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization fungal priority pathogens list","volume":"62","author":"Asogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. 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