{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:46:06Z","timestamp":1776840366118,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J4608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J4608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Ct), an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the primary infectious cause of blindness through trachoma. Ct undergoes a unique biphasic developmental cycle between infectious elementary bodies and replicating reticulate bodies, manipulating host cells via secreted effector proteins. Whilst previous studies have characterised host-pathogen interactions including transcriptomes of urogenital Ct genovars E and L2, limited studies exist on ocular Ct genovars. This study examined transcriptomic responses of human conjunctival epithelial (HCjE) cells and PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages to infection with ocular Ct strains A\/2497 or B\/Tunis864 (live or heat-inactivated) at 4 and 24 hours post-infection (hpi). Transcriptomic profiling was performed using RNA sequencing, with differential gene expression analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify strain-specific and cell type-specific transcriptional signatures. HCjE cells exhibited progressive transcriptional activation, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increasing from 4 to 24 hpi (144 to 259), whilst THP-1 macrophages showed temporal attenuation (391 to 154). B\/Tunis864 consistently elicited stronger responses than A\/2497 in HCjE cells at both time points (152\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 54 DEGs at 4 hpi; 259\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 83 at 24 hpi). Conversely, THP-1 macrophages showed stronger responses to A\/2497 than B\/Tunis864 at both time points (599\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 376 DEGs at 4 hpi; 166\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 114 at 24 hpi). HCjE cells demonstrated markedly higher proportions of strain-specific DEGs and pathways compared to macrophages. B\/Tunis864 infection in HCjE cells induced pronounced interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene signatures, particularly at 24 hpi. This study revealed contrasting temporal and strain-specific patterns: THP-1 macrophages showed peak-then-decline, strain-invariant responses, whilst HCjE cells exhibited progressive activation with predominantly strain-specific programmes. Enhanced IFN-stimulated gene and inflammatory pathway activation by B\/Tunis864 in HCjE cells may provide molecular insights into genovar B-associated trachoma severity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1755017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:48:26Z","timestamp":1776836906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative transcriptomic profiling of human conjunctival epithelial cells and macrophages in response to Chlamydia trachomatis genovars A and B in early- and mid-infection cycles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ghasemian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2005.03.002","article-title":"The chlamydial developmental cycle","volume":"29","author":"AbdelRahman","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Trachoma","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000306","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis OmpA variants in trachoma: What do they tell us","volume":"2","author":"Andreasen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2246-1","article-title":"High-throughput transcriptomics reveals common and strain-specific responses of human macrophages to infection with mycobacterium abscessus smooth and rough variants","volume":"16","author":"Aulicino","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00018-13","article-title":"STING-dependent recognition of cyclic di-AMP mediates type I interferon responses during chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"4","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1086\/514151","article-title":"Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"176","author":"Bobo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1551","article-title":"Immunology of chlamydia infection: Implications for a chlamydia trachomatis vaccine","volume":"5","author":"Brunham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143593","article-title":"M2 polarization of human macrophages favors survival of the intracellular pathogen chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Buchacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00747.x","article-title":"Activation of the host cell proinflammatory interleukin-8 response by Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"8","author":"Buchholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.04.022","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection results in a modest pro-inflammatory cytokine response and a decrease in T cell chemokine secretion in human polarized endocervical epithelial cells","volume":"63","author":"Buckner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17993","article-title":"Polymorphisms in chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates","volume":"111","author":"Caldwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6407-6418.2005","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of chlamydia trachomatis oculotropic and genitotropic strains","volume":"73","author":"Carlson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1098420","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis induces the transcriptional activity of host YAP in a hippo-independent fashion","volume":"13","author":"Caven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1208302","article-title":"The role of infected epithelial cells in chlamydia-associated fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Caven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002842","article-title":"CPAF: A chlamydial protease in search of an authentic substrate","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04584-4","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis disrupts host metabolism in primary cervical epithelial cells","volume":"41","author":"Cheong","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0069-4","article-title":"Association of chlamydia trachomatis OmpA genovar with trachoma phenotypes","volume":"32","author":"Chin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41320","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.152280","article-title":"Cleavage of the NF-\u03baB family protein P65\/RelA by the chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) impairs proinflammatory signaling in cells infected with Chlamydiae","volume":"285","author":"Christian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402829101","article-title":"A chlamydial type III translocated protein is tyrosine-phosphorylated at the site of entry and associated with recruitment of actin","volume":"101","author":"Clifton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001346","article-title":"Compensatory T cell responses in IRG-deficient mice prevent sustained chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"7","author":"Coers","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.662096","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection impairs MHC-I intracellular trafficking and antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Del Balzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01525-06","article-title":"Chlamydia muridarum infection elicits a beta interferon response in murine oviduct epithelial cells dependent on interferon regulatory factor 3 and TRIF","volume":"75","author":"Derbigny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002092","article-title":"The lipid transfer protein CERT interacts with the chlamydia inclusion protein IncD and participates to ER-chlamydia inclusion membrane contact sites","volume":"7","author":"Derr\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15419.2","article-title":"The conjunctival transcriptome in Ethiopians after trichiasis surgery: Associations with the development of eyelid contour abnormalities and the effect of oral doxycycline treatment","volume":"4","author":"Derrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1367-8","article-title":"Inverse relationship between microRNA-155 and -184 expression with increasing conjunctival inflammation during ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"16","author":"Derrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/791847","article-title":"Trachoma and ocular chlamydial infection in the era of genomics","volume":"2015","author":"Derrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1086\/597011","article-title":"Delayed microbial cure of lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis with doxycycline treatment","volume":"48","author":"de Vries","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803313","article-title":"A20 negatively regulates T cell receptor signaling to NF-kappaB by cleaving Malt1 ubiquitin chains","volume":"182","author":"D\u00fcwel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02061-6","article-title":"Host cell response and distinct gene expression profiles at different stages of chlamydia trachomatis infection reveals stage-specific biomarkers of infection","volume":"21","author":"Dzakah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.09.020","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis stimulation enhances HIV-1 susceptibility through the modulation of a member of the macrophage inflammatory proteins","volume":"142","author":"Dzakah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.30","article-title":"Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Elwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00399","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis serovars drive differential production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines depending on the type of cell infected","volume":"9","author":"Faris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3459","article-title":"Propagation and purification of chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 transformants and mutants","volume":"9","author":"Faris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio. Protoc."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw027","article-title":"Sensing the enemy, containing the threat: Cell-autonomous immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"40","author":"Finethy","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01834-24","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis modulates the expression of JAK-STAT signaling components to attenuate the type II interferon response of epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Fontanilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1086\/323340","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of unique Chlamydia trachomatis isolates that occupy nonfusogenic inclusions","volume":"184","author":"Geisler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001210","article-title":"Genomic insights into local-scale evolution of ocular chlamydia trachomatis strains within and between individuals in Gambian trachoma-endemic villages","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091954","article-title":"When bacteria and viruses collide: A tale of chlamydia trachomatis and sexually transmitted viruses","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00029-24","article-title":"Genomic profiling and characterization of ocular chlamydia trachomatis reference strain B\/HAR36","volume":"13","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009655","article-title":"Comparison of genovars and chlamydia trachomatis infection loads in ocular samples from children in two distinct cohorts in Sudan and Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001431","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics in the genome of ocular chlamydia trachomatis strains from Northern Tanzania following mass drug administration","volume":"11","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069421","article-title":"Intracellular survival and persistence of chlamydia muridarum is determined by macrophage polarization","volume":"8","author":"Gracey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2214","article-title":"Whole genome analysis of diverse chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing","volume":"44","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012143","article-title":"Unravelling chlamydia trachomatis diversity in Amhara, Ethiopia: MLVA-OmpA sequencing as a molecular typing tool for trachoma","volume":"18","author":"Harte","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89921-x","article-title":"Dual RNA-Seq analysis of in vitro infection multiplicity and RNA depletion methods in chlamydia-infected epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00392","article-title":"Early transcriptional landscapes of chlamydia trachomatis-infected epithelial cells at single cell resolution","volume":"9","author":"Hayward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-020-00368-2","article-title":"Chromatin accessibility dynamics of chlamydia-infected epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Hayward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002020","article-title":"Trachoma: Protective and pathogenic ocular immune responses to chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080597","article-title":"Simultaneous transcriptional profiling of bacteria and their host cells","volume":"8","author":"Humphrys","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/420905","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis immune evasion via downregulation of MHC class I surface expression involves direct and indirect mechanisms","volume":"2011","author":"Ibana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00585-17","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of chlamydia disease complications: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis","volume":"86","author":"Igietseme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.3125-3130.1995","article-title":"The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated","volume":"63","author":"Ingalls","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1281823","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"13","author":"Jury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1086\/525285","article-title":"Pathogenic diversity among chlamydia trachomatis ocular strains in nonhuman primates is affected by subtle genomic variations","volume":"197","author":"Kari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28569-1","article-title":"Modelling chlamydia and HPV co-infection in patient-derived ectocervix organoids reveals distinct cellular reprogramming","volume":"13","author":"Koster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7186","article-title":"Up-regulation of the JAK\/STAT1 signal pathway during chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"174","author":"Lad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608393104","article-title":"Cleavage of P65\/RelA of the NF-KappaB pathway by chlamydia","volume":"104","author":"Lad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx050","article-title":"Spatial clustering of high load ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection in trachoma: A cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"75","author":"Last","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-018-0521-x","article-title":"Population-based analysis of ocular chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma-endemic West African communities identifies genomic markers of disease severity","volume":"10","author":"Last","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.10.007","article-title":"Immunobiology of monocytes and macrophages during chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"21","author":"Lausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.104240.4","article-title":"The second messenger signaling molecule cyclic di-AMP drives developmental cycle progression in chlamydia trachomatis","author":"Lee","year":"2025"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01178.x","article-title":"ChlaDub1 of chlamydia trachomatis suppresses NF-\u03baB activation and inhibits I\u03baB\u03b1 ubiquitination and degradation","volume":"10","author":"Le Negrate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286056","article-title":"Optimization of differentiation and transcriptomic profile of THP-1 cells into macrophage by PMA","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00476-23","article-title":"Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill","volume":"92","author":"Marrufo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.12.003","article-title":"Chlamydial interferon gamma immune evasion influences infection tropism","volume":"10","author":"McClarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03190-22","article-title":"The chlamydia effector CpoS modulates the inclusion microenvironment and restricts the interferon response by acting on Rab35","volume":"14","author":"Meier","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01465-18","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits homologous recombination repair of DNA breaks by interfering with PP2A signaling","volume":"9","author":"Mi","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1086\/505432","article-title":"Different growth rates of Chlamydia trachomatis biovars reflect pathotype","volume":"194","author":"Miyairi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4282-4288.2000","article-title":"Requirement for NF-KappaB in transcriptional activation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in human endothelial cells","volume":"68","author":"Molestina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2870-2879.2000","article-title":"In situ analysis of the evolution of the primary immune response in murine chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection","volume":"68","author":"Morrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709060114","article-title":"IncV, a FFAT motif-containing chlamydia protein, tethers the endoplasmic reticulum to the pathogen-containing vacuole","volume":"114","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102338","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis development requires both host glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation but has only minor effects on these pathways","volume":"298","author":"N\u2019Gadjaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10114","article-title":"Structure of a bacterial type III secretion system in contact with a host membrane in situ","volume":"6","author":"Nans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00844-10","article-title":"Human conjunctival transcriptome analysis reveals the prominence of innate defense in chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"78","author":"Natividad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.10.3179-3189.2003","article-title":"Global stage-specific gene regulation during the developmental cycle of chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"185","author":"Nicholson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12059","article-title":"Chlamydial metabolism revisited: interspecies metabolic variability and developmental stage-specific physiologic activities","volume":"38","author":"Omsland","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5334","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00883-09","article-title":"Critical role for interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) during chlamydia muridarum genital infection and bacterial replication-independent secretion of IL-1\u03b2 in mouse macrophages","volume":"77","author":"Prantner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00253","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection is associated with E-cadherin promoter methylation, downregulation of E-cadherin expression, and increased expression of fibronectin and \u03b1-SMA\u2014implications for epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"7","author":"Raji\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00772-09","article-title":"Host chemokine and cytokine response in the endocervix within the first developmental cycle of Chlamydia muridarum","volume":"78","author":"Rank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-185","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis homotypic inclusion fusion is promoted by host microtubule trafficking","volume":"13","author":"Richards","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020205","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: From urogenital infections to the pathway of infertility","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.260185","article-title":"Distinct roles of the chlamydia trachomatis effectors TarP and TmeA in the regulation of formin and Arp2\/3 during entry","volume":"135","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-136","article-title":"CCL5 regulation of mucosal chlamydial immunity and infection","volume":"8","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12854","article-title":"Current ocular microbiome investigations limit reproducibility and reliability: critical review and opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02057.x","article-title":"Three temporal classes of gene expression during the Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle","volume":"37","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182364","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by A20 through disruption of ubiquitin enzyme complexes","volume":"327","author":"Shembade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6059-5","article-title":"Chlamydia pan-genomic analysis reveals balance between host adaptation and selective pressure to genome reduction","volume":"20","author":"Sigalova","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.002","article-title":"The chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein CpoS counteracts STING-mediated cellular surveillance and suicide programs","volume":"21","author":"Sixt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00361-24","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: a model for intracellular bacterial parasitism","volume":"207","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00359-5","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00359-5","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00860-y","article-title":"Intracellular lifestyle of chlamydia trachomatis and host-pathogen interactions","volume":"21","author":"Stelzner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1200-1208.2003","article-title":"Polymorphic membrane protein H has evolved in parallel with the three disease-causing groups of chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"71","author":"Stothard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04647.x","article-title":"A directed screen for chlamydial proteins secreted by a type III mechanism identifies a translocated protein and numerous other new candidates","volume":"56","author":"Subtil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.02.005","article-title":"Chlamydia-secreted protease CPAF degrades host antimicrobial peptides","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62182-0","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"384","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1356540","article-title":"Intracellular pathogens: host immunity and microbial persistence strategies","volume":"2019","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.717311","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase cannot inhibit chlamydia trachomatis growth in HL-60 human neutrophil granulocytes","volume":"12","author":"Virok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.08.008","article-title":"The bacterial effector GarD shields chlamydia trachomatis inclusions from RNF213-mediated ubiquitylation and destruction","volume":"30","author":"Walsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00615","article-title":"Research advances in how the CGAS-STING pathway controls the cellular inflammatory response","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.931653","article-title":"The role of tryptophan in chlamydia trachomatis persistence","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1289644","article-title":"Insights into innate immune cell evasion by chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12266","article-title":"Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria","volume":"264","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03638.x","article-title":"Regulation of tryptophan synthase gene expression in chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"49","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1701","article-title":"NF-Kappa B activation is not required for Chlamydia trachomatis inhibition of host epithelial cell apoptosis","volume":"174","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00280-16","article-title":"The chlamydia-secreted protease CPAF promotes chlamydial survival in the mouse lower genital tract","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.07.002","article-title":"Neutralizing antichlamydial activity of complement by chlamydia-secreted protease CPAF","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071302","article-title":"Insights into chlamydia development and host cells response","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15013","article-title":"Exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages to unravel host factors influencing chlamydia trachomatis pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Yeung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.006","article-title":"Integrated phosphoproteome and transcriptome analysis reveals Chlamydia-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in host cells","volume":"26","author":"Zadora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.12.1931","article-title":"Chlamydia inhibits interferon gamma-inducible major histocompatibility complex class II expression by degradation of upstream stimulatory factor 1","volume":"189","author":"Zhong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0903-4","article-title":"In vitro rescue of genital strains of chlamydia trachomatis from interferon-\u03b3 and tryptophan depletion with indole-positive, but not indole-negative prevotella spp","volume":"16","author":"Ziklo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3843-4","article-title":"High expression of IDO1 and TGF-\u03b21 during recurrence and post infection clearance with chlamydia trachomatis, are independent of host IFN-\u03b3 response","volume":"19","author":"Ziklo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1755017\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:48:28Z","timestamp":1776836908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1755017\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1755017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1755017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"article-number":"1755017"}}