{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:05:06Z","timestamp":1779433506943,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      poses a serious zoonotic threat in China, however its genomic epidemiology in Zhejiang Province remains largely uncharacterized. This study addresses this knowledge gap by conducting the first integrated genomic analysis of seven\n                      <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates obtained from patients and cows in the region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenomic characters of the isolates were illustrated by BCSP-31 and AMOS-PCR, MLST, ANI, cgSNP, and Pan-Genome analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All seven isolates were identified as\n                      <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      via AMOS-PCR and belonged to a single sequence type (ST2) based on MLST, a classification further corroborated by an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 99.99% to the reference strain\n                      <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      544. Pan-genome analysis disclosed a highly conserved genome comprising 3,084 core genes and a minimal accessory genome of only 10 shell genes, alongside the prediction of 68 virulence-associated factors and one AMR gene,\n                      <jats:italic>mprF<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Core genome SNP phylogeny indicated that the Zhejiang strains form a monophyletic cluster with Russian references and trifurcate into three distinct subclades. Each subclade demonstrates specific phylogenetic connections to strains from separate northern Chinese provinces.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As the first study to integrate phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenomic data for\n                      <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in this region, our work substantially expands the understanding of its local population structure and provides a critical evidence base for proactive genomic surveillance, thereby informing targeted public health interventions against brucellosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1758965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:09:44Z","timestamp":1779430184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and phylogenetic analysis of seven Brucella abortus strains in Zhejiang, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuguang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformation, Beijing Macro&Micro-test Bio-Tech","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Zhejiang CDC)","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071651","article-title":"Hybrid whole genomes of Brucella melitensis from Tunisian animal isolates: virulence factors, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogeny","volume":"13","author":"Abdallah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104708","article-title":"Brucella abortus contamination of camel milk in two Iranian regions","volume":"169","author":"Alamian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.607610","article-title":"Adhesive functions or pseudogenization of type Va autotransporters in Brucella species","volume":"11","author":"Bialer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110942","article-title":"Adhesins of Brucella: their roles in the interaction with the host","volume":"9","author":"Bialer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111326","article-title":"Brucella spp. virulence factors and immunity","volume":"4","author":"Byndloss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D325","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008","article-title":"VFDB: a reference database for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100483","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing for genetic diversity analysis of Iranian Brucella spp. isolated from humans and livestock","volume":"16","author":"Dadar","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.03.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunobiology of brucellosis: review of Brucella-host interactions","volume":"185","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1128966","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of Ethiopian Brucella abortus isolates expands the known diversity of an early branching sub-Saharan African lineage","volume":"14","author":"Edao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.067","article-title":"Identification and evolution of the first isolated Brucella abortus strain from a human brucellosis case-Tianjin municipality, China","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801233","article-title":"Brucella abortus cyclic dinucleotides trigger STING-dependent unfolded protein response that favors bacterial replication","volume":"202","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1695815","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Brucella abortus in Shandong, China: high-resolution insights from combined MLVA-16 and core genome SNP analysis","volume":"16","author":"Huangfu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1287046","article-title":"Global phylogenomic diversity of Brucella abortus: spread of a dominant lineage","volume":"14","author":"Janke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1004","article-title":"CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000760","article-title":"OrthoANI: an improved algorithm and software for calculating average nucleotide identity","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.023","article-title":"Global species\/biovars and genotype diversity atlas of Brucella spp.-102 countries 1923-2020","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154209","article-title":"Proteomic profile of Brucella abortus-infected bovine chorioallantoic membrane explants","volume":"11","author":"Mol","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4800-4807.2004","article-title":"Reduced content of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol in the cytoplasmic membrane affects susceptibility to moenomycin, as well as vancomycin, gentamicin, and antimicrobial peptides, in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Nishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1149-0","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms identify in species\/biovars of Brucella isolated in China between 1953 and 2013 by MLST","volume":"18","author":"Piao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1021\/pr201122w","article-title":"Investigation of rifampicin resistance mechanisms in Brucella abortus using MS-driven comparative proteomics","volume":"11","author":"Sandalakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1106994","article-title":"Brucella abortus in Kazakhstan, population structure and comparison with worldwide genetic diversity","volume":"14","author":"Shevtsov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207749","article-title":"Brucella genomics: macro and micro evolution","volume":"21","author":"Su\u00e1rez-Esquivel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.28.922989","article-title":"Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline","volume":"21","author":"Tonkin-Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01545","article-title":"Genotypic expansion within the population structure of classical Brucella species revealed by MLVA16 typing of 1404 Brucella isolates from different animal and geographic origins 1974-2006","volume":"9","author":"Vergnaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1603234","article-title":"Phylogenetic evidence for nationwide expansion Brucella melitensis lineages drives the re-emerging and epidemic of human brucellosis in Jiangsu, China","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15931.2","article-title":"FastQ screen: a tool for multi-genome mapping and quality control","volume":"7","author":"Wingett","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"33","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105402","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of an amikacin-resistant Brucella abortus strain first isolated from Marmota himalayana","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261","article-title":"Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"67","author":"Zankari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.232397.117","article-title":"GrapeTree: visualization of core genomic relationships among 100,000 bacterial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1758965\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:09:45Z","timestamp":1779430185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1758965\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1758965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1758965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"article-number":"1758965"}}