{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:42:20Z","timestamp":1776062540884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium riyadhense<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an emerging nontuberculous mycobacterium associated with infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To identify the epidemiology, risk factors, presentations, and antimicrobial susceptibility of\n                      <jats:italic>M. riyadhense<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we conducted a systematic review on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We included publications during 2009-2025, with no limitation on language or study design. Cases of uncertain infection or identification were excluded. Review protocol was pre-registere in PROSPERO with protocol number; CRD420250653025.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 22 studies reporting on 69 cases of\n                      <jats:italic>M. riyadhense<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Patient median age was 35.5 and 80% were male. Common presentations included pneumonia (n=52), lymphadenitis (n=13), osteomyelitis (n=8), or disseminated infection (n=8). Susceptibility to Rifampin and Ethambutol was observed in all tested isolates. Resistance to Isoniazid was detected in 5\/8 isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This review identified a significant variability in the diagnosis and treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>M. riyadhense<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This underscores the urgent need for standardized diagnostic protocols and targeted treatment strategies to effectively manage infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420250653025.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1761754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:43:38Z","timestamp":1776059018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The clinical and epidemiological landscape of Mycobacterium riyadhense: a systematic review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Almarhabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmajeed","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulellah","family":"Almohaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100554","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5085100","article-title":"Analysis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Saudi children from a tertiary care hospital perspective","volume":"12","author":"Abukhalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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