{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1783526168411,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging infectious diseases, particularly zoonotic ones, remain major global health concerns. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health within the One Health framework. The intestinal microbiome plays a central role in host immunity and systemic homeostasis, and its disruption has been linked to altered disease severity and recovery patterns in COVID-19. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces intestinal dysbiosis, modifies immune signaling, and affects the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), contributing to neuropsychiatric and metabolic complications. This review synthesizes current findings on the intestinal microbiome\u2019s role in COVID-19 pathophysiology and recovery, explores emerging therapeutic strategies including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, and emphasizes the importance of integrating microbiome research into pandemic preparedness through a One Health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1763844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:43:34Z","timestamp":1779169414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A one health perspective on the intestinal microbiome's role in COVID-19 outcomes and recovery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University","place":["DeKalb, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anitha","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Northern Illinois University","place":["DeKalb, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanine","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University","place":["DeKalb, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Alkarzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Northern Illinois University","place":["DeKalb, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nubwa","family":"Medugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Nile University of Nigeria","place":["Abuja, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.328863","article-title":"Correlates of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and suicidal ideas in COVID-associated mucormycosis patients and the effects of treatment","volume":"30","author":"Ahuja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","article-title":"High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"594","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103209","article-title":"The health benefits of dietary fibre","volume":"12","author":"Barber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00186","article-title":"Using probiotics to flatten the curve of coronavirus disease COVID-2019 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Baud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1758788","article-title":"Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment","volume":"39","author":"Boopathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0693le","article-title":"Tobacco smoking increases the lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"201","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"COVID-19 forecasts: deaths 2020\n          \n          \n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00023-07","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(20)30095-1","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions","volume":"1","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s40521-020-00258-8","article-title":"A precision medicine approach to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic management","volume":"7","author":"Crisci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Allergy"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716635538","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00682-2","article-title":"COVID-19: a one-way ticket to a global childhood obesity crisis","volume":"19","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00389","article-title":"Challenges in the management of SARS-CoV2 infection: the role of oral bacteriotherapy as complementary therapeutic strategy to avoid the progression of COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"d'Ettorre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014","article-title":"The one health concept: 10 years old and a long road ahead","volume":"5","author":"Destoumieux-Garzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.007","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease","volume":"46","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1406874","article-title":"COVID-19-associated encephalopathy: connection between neuroinflammation and microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"15","author":"Duve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume-title":"Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Fehr","year":"2015"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100230","article-title":"The contribution of veterinary public health to the management of the COVID-19 pandemic from a one health perspective","volume":"12","author":"Ferri","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.005","article-title":"Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression","volume":"36","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04353-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer","volume":"602","author":"Hale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2022\u2013000871","article-title":"Lost microbes of COVID-19: Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium depletion and decreased microbiome diversity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity","volume":"9","author":"Hazan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-017-0183-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a potential target of metabolic syndrome: the role of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4329","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1517","article-title":"Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus on human skin: Importance of hand hygiene in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"73","author":"Hirose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.100","article-title":"The microbiome regulates amygdala-dependent fear recall","volume":"23","author":"Hoban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102580","article-title":"ACE-2 blockade and TMPRSS2 inhibition mitigate SARS-CoV-2 severity following cigarette smoke exposure in airway epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450115666140606111402","article-title":"Therapeutic modulation of gut microbiota: current clinical applications and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Ianiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25682","article-title":"Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV","volume":"92","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1058_20","article-title":"One health approach and COVID-19: A perspective","volume":"9","author":"Jorwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim Care"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7036a2","article-title":"Using wastewater surveillance data to support the COVID-19 response - United States, 2020-2021","volume":"70","author":"Kirby","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793","article-title":"Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period","volume":"368","author":"Kissler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","volume-title":"Advances in Virus Research","author":"Lai","year":"1997"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100133","article-title":"The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Leroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117855","article-title":"Subphenotypes of long COVID and the clinical applications of probiotics","volume":"183","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020088","article-title":"The one health approach-why is it so important","volume":"4","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.596391","article-title":"An overview of SARS-CoV-2 and animal infection","volume":"7","author":"Mahdy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01449-8","article-title":"Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists","author":"Mallapaty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081993","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain communication in the SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Manosso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.605236","article-title":"Structural characterization of SARS-CoV-2: Where we are, and where we need to be","volume":"7","author":"Mariano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02220-20","article-title":"From people to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo","volume":"11","author":"McAloose","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325353","article-title":"Diet quality and risk and severity of COVID-19: a prospective cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Merino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.003","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health","volume":"16","author":"Miquel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.19.049254","article-title":"Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells","author":"Muus","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00645-06","article-title":"Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy","volume":"80","author":"Neuman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1128\/jvi.00510-20","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00510-20","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen susceptibility map for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"94","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5901","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans","volume":"371","author":"Oude Munnink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0684-z","article-title":"Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics","volume":"38","author":"Peccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031522-092054","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the relationship between diet and human health","volume":"85","author":"Perler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169","article-title":"Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Proal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01418-7","article-title":"The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces","volume":"17","author":"Riddell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","article-title":"The human microbiome and child growth - first 1000 days and beyond","volume":"27","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1182-0","article-title":"Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge","volume":"16","author":"Schoeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2021.1921311","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications","volume":"41","author":"Sharun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Q"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Shereen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2020.100023","article-title":"Analysis of the intestinal microbiota in COVID-19 patients and its correlation with the inflammatory factor IL-18","volume":"5","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2023.030853","article-title":"Cellular and molecular insights into microbiota-mitochondria interplay, therapeutic biomarkers and interventional approaches in COVID-19: a review","volume":"47","author":"Varshney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.22541\/au.163807080.07633496\/v1","article-title":"Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health-An EAACI position paper","volume":"77","author":"Venter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.019","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: Characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status","volume":"184","author":"Wastyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200537","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200537","article-title":"Forty years with coronaviruses","volume":"217","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295496","article-title":"The mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with depressive, anxiety, and stressor-related disorders: A scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Wickens","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104300","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental implications of COVID-19-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis in pregnant women","volume":"165","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i47.6689","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic potential","volume":"28","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.115.05315","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154712","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323020","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Yeoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.013","article-title":"Prolonged impairment of short-chain fatty acid and L-isoleucine biosynthesis in gut microbiome in patients with COVID-19","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01008-x","article-title":"Temporal landscape of human gut RNA and DNA virome in SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity","volume":"9","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1763844\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:43:36Z","timestamp":1779169416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1763844\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1763844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1763844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"article-number":"1763844"}}