{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:28:42Z","timestamp":1787959722285,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52300225, 52170043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52300225, 52170043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health challenge, and risk assessments based solely on gene abundance often underestimate the immediacy of resistance dissemination. This study presented a carrier-centric framework integrating metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling with deep learning\u2013based identification of mobile genetic elements, applied to a full-scale constructed wetland (CW). CW overall reduced ARG burdens, with genomic abundance in plants, sediments, and water decreasing by 98.5%, 80.9%, and 88.8%, respectively. However, transcriptional activity showed an opposite trend, with sediments exhibiting the highest ARG expression, highlighting their pivotal role in the persistence and dissemination of resistance. In sediments, phage-mediated expression increased sharply from 4.0% to 92.5%, exceeding plasmid-associated levels by ~276-fold, revealing a low-abundance but high-activity residual risk pattern. Furthermore, 16 of the 310 recovered nonredundant MAGs were identified as phage hosts, 11 of which were potentially pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARB) and were more active in sediments than in water or plants. These findings indicate that transduction within high-density, biofilm-associated niches constitutes a key terminal risk source. In addition, sediment acts as a high-risk reservoir where redox and ionic gradients, together with residual lomefloxacin and other antibiotics, enhance phage infectious activity and the accumulation of ARGs. Through cross-compartment transmission along the sediment\u2013water interface, these phage-associated and PARB populations continuously seed the overlying water. It is recommended that ARG risk assessment shift from static abundance to an activity-aware, carrier- and host-resolved approach, prioritizing sediment-targeted transcript monitoring and phage transduction early warning to support risk mitigation in CW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1764958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:31:57Z","timestamp":1770622317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Unraveling the activity of phage-carrying antibiotic resistance genes in constructed wetlands"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Wastewater Information Analysis and Early Warning, School of Technology for Sustainability, Beijing Normal University","place":["Zhuhai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanni","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Synergistic Control of Complex Multi-Media Pollution, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s43832-025-00257-3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of water quality, nutrient dynamics and chlorophyll a concentrations in Five Cowries Creek from 2022 to 2024","volume":"5","author":"Akinnigbagbe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. 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