{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:49:14Z","timestamp":1789958954844,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tetanus is a severe but vaccine-preventable disease controlled by tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization and tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) therapy. Although maternal\u2013neonatal tetanus has been eliminated in many regions, coverage gaps and sporadic cases persist in low-resource settings. As a longstanding component of global immunization and a key conjugate carrier platform, tetanus research remains essential despite advances in novel vaccine technologies. However, the global research landscape on tetanus vaccines and immunoglobulins remains unmapped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of publications on TT and TIG from 2000 to 2025, to characterize research dynamics, leading contributors, and thematic evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (SCI-Expanded) for 2000\u20132025 using relevant keywords (\u201ctetanus vaccine*\u201d OR \u201ctetanus toxoid*\u201d OR \u201ctetanus immunoglobulin*\u201d OR \u201ctetanus immune globulin*\u201d OR \u201ctetanus antitoxin*\u201d). Following screening, 2,949 English-language articles and reviews were included. Bibliometric analyses (publication trends, funding agencies, co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence) were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the bibliometrix R package.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2,949 publications were analyzed. Annual output remained stable (mean \u2248 113.4), with citations peaking in 2021 (n=7,291). The USA led in volume (1,130 papers), while Switzerland achieved the highest impact (88.41 citations\/article). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and University of Oxford emerged as central hubs, with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) illustrating the role of industry-academic partnerships. A strategic funding shift occurred around 2010: while the National Institutes of Health (NIH) drives foundational research, the Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) has become the engine for translational equity. Evolutionary trends show a shift from early cellular mechanisms toward maternal immunization coverage, implementation determinants in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the expanding utility of tetanus toxoid (TT) as a conjugate vaccine carrier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tetanus research has evolved into a dynamic model for modern vaccinology, bridging classical immunization and next-generation technology. Beyond maternal protection, the field is expanding toward conjugate platforms and recombinant biologics. Achieving global elimination requires aligning these biotechnological innovations with equitable implementation strategies in low-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1766140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:46:47Z","timestamp":1773384407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Two decades of global research on tetanus vaccines and tetanus immunoglobulins: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and integrative review (2000\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chaoxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Geriatric Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Geriatric Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing HaiDian Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Geriatric Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Surgery, Beijing Geriatric Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyi","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Geriatric Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"3169","article-title":"Research trends in rabies vaccine in the last three decades: a bibliometric analysis of global perspective","volume-title":"Hum. 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