{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:49Z","timestamp":1787026309089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the essential oils (EOs) of\n                      <jats:italic>Syzygium aromaticum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (formerly\n                      <jats:italic>Eugenia caryophyllata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) (clove) and\n                      <jats:italic>Cymbopogon flexuosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (lemongrass) on\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (individually, and in combination) and incorporate them into hydrogels for the management of oral candidiasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The antifungal activity of both essential oils singly and in combination was performed using macro and checkerboard dilution against a standard\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 10231) and 14 clinical isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both EOs exhibited MIC of 100 \u03bcL\/mL and MFC of 100 to 200 \u03bcL\/mL depending on isolate; and a \u03a3FIC value of 0.75 indicating an additive outcome among 71% of the isolates. The EOs were formulated in hydrogels, the efficacies of which were tested using agar well diffusion method. The prepared hydrogels containing 3% w\/w EOs in the ratio of 2:1 exhibited the best antifungal activity with desirably physicochemical and stability properties. Monte Carlo simulations (n = 10,000) further quantified the antifungal efficacy, revealing significantly enhanced inhibition arising from a synergistic effect of both EOs in combination. These findings highlight the promise of natural compounds as antifungal agents targeting critical fungal biosynthetic pathways and provide a basis for formulating EOs in hydrogels, potentially for the management of oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1775540107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Essential oil-based hydrogels for oral candidiasis: preliminary formulation development, antifungal efficacy, and computational analysis via Monte Carlo simulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adeola Tawakalitu","family":"Kola-Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Favour Temidayo","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronke Hadiyat","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwakorede Joshua","family":"Adedeji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf Oluwagbenga","family":"Ghazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahd Adebola","family":"Khalid-Salako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanci Universitesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Oche","family":"Ambrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220210074","article-title":"Determination of chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of selected essential oils against human pathogenic strains","volume":"94","author":"Altun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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