{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:50:01Z","timestamp":1793386201456,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a unique enterovirus resembling human rhinoviruses, was long considered to cause only sporadic outbreaks of mild, self-limiting respiratory infections mainly in children. However, over the past decade, EV-D68 has exhibited a biennial outbreak pattern across multiple regions worldwide, coinciding with an increased incidence of severe respiratory illnesses and cases of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. The immune system plays a crucial role in providing rapid and effective defense. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the complex interactions between EV-D68 and the host immune responses is still very limited. Additionally, clinical detection of EV-D68 remains challenging, and there are no FDA-approved vaccines or antiviral treatments available. Therefore, ongoing research should focus on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of EV-D68, as well as the development of reliable diagnostic methods and therapeutic options to control EV-D68 spread. This review intends to examine the initiatives undertaken for clinical surveillance of EV-D68 outbreaks, the immune responses elicited by EV-D68, and its strategies for immune evasion. Additionally, it explores recent advancements in antiviral drug development, thereby providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and identifying prospective directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:54:45Z","timestamp":1772693685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Respiratory enterovirus D68: virology, clinical surveillance, host-pathogen interactions, and therapeutic prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanshan","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danlei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laixian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6718a2","article-title":"Enterovirus and parechovirus surveillance - United States 2014-2016","volume":"67","author":"Abedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95163-y","article-title":"Computational discovery of natural inhibitors targeting enterovirus D68 3C protease using molecular docking pharmacokinetics and dynamics simulations","volume":"15","author":"Alsahag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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