{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:01:54Z","timestamp":1790625714057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a growing public health concern. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathotypes, virulotypes, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from patients with UTI in Egypt and evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and selenium nanocomposites (SeNCs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. We characterized 20 ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 41 clinical isolates recovered from urine and stool of hospitalized patients with UTI, by phylogrouping, virulence genes profiling, repetitive extragenic palindromic elements\u2013polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) genotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. ESBL phenotypes were confirmed by standard disc diffusion tests; resistance to ampicillin and cefixime was the most common. Virulence profiling identified the\n                    <jats:italic>fim<\/jats:italic>\n                    H gene as the most frequent identified gene. High strain diversity was observed by REP-PCR genotyping. To generate SeNCs that act as inhibitory agents against pathogenic microbes, this study combined SeNPs with cefoperazone (CEP) for SeNCs formation.\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was used for the biosynthesis of SeNPs. SeNPs and SeNCs have potential antibacterial activities against ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20 and 10 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    with SeNCs exhibited wrinkled external surfaces, asymmetric cell deformations, and cell depressions. In conclusion, virulent MDR ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were identified in samples from patients with UTI in Egypt, posing significant public health threats. Regular monitoring of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    is crucial. SeNCs exhibited significantly more antibacterial activities than SeNPs and CEP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:35:14Z","timestamp":1775540114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from UTIs and the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized selenium nanocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Heba A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Raouf","family":"Al-Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, King Khalid Military Academy","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha A.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Y. T.","family":"Elariny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa","family":"El-Gazzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06865-3","article-title":"Spectrum of antibiotic resistance in UTI caused by Escherichia coli among HIV-infected patients in Uganda: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Abongomera","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1201201","article-title":"Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum against Listeria monocytogenes isolated from milk, chicken and pregnant women","volume":"14","author":"Abou Elez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123554","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans with respect to antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Abou Elez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02948-0","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli from retail meat and workers: genetic diversity, virulotyping, pathotyping and the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6670709","article-title":"Green biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by cinnamon extract and their antimicrobial activity and application as edible coatings with nano-chitosan","volume":"2021","author":"Alghuthaymi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312","article-title":"Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.19082\/2291","article-title":"Molecular typing of uropathogenic E. coli strains by the ERIC-PCR method","volume":"8","author":"Ardakani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically","year":"2018"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2020"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution","year":"2023"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030247","article-title":"Distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes among multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens collected from three different countries","volume":"10","author":"Azab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00797.x","article-title":"Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli","volume":"62","author":"Belanger","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2024.100185","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli from urine samples: Insights into urinary tract infection management","volume":"5","author":"Bernaitis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-3-9","article-title":"Molecular basis of virulence in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Bisi-Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06435-7","article-title":"Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bunduki","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.09.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections in Paris in 2015","volume":"48","author":"Chervet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.03.008","article-title":"Development of an allele-specific PCR for Escherichia coli B2 sub-typing, a rapid and easy to perform substitute of multilocus sequence typing","volume":"101","author":"Clermont","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00306-9","article-title":"Simple and reliable multiplex PCR assay for detection of bla TEM, bla SHV and bla OXA\u20131 genes in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"223","author":"Colom","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4844-z","article-title":"Distribution of virulence genes and phylogenetics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli among urinary tract infection patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Dadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.01954.x","article-title":"Presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in living layer hens","volume":"43","author":"Dipineto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.6.2572-2577.2000","article-title":"Use of repetitive DNA sequences and the PCR to differentiate Escherichia coli isolates from human and animal sources","volume":"66","author":"Dombek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"B4187","article-title":"Bacterial characteristics of importance for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli","volume":"58","author":"Ejrnaes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dan. Med. Bull."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9898-9_10","article-title":"Advances in phage inspired nanoscience based therapy","volume-title":"NanoBioMedicine","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02651-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of biosynthesized manganese nanocomposite with amide derivative originated by endophytic Aspergillus terreus","volume":"24","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101708","article-title":"The potential use of Titanium, Silver and Selenium nanoparticles in controlling leaf blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata","volume":"27","author":"El-Gazzar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ewers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"613","article-title":"The prevalence of virulence genes of E. coli strains isolated from children with urinary tract infection","volume":"20","author":"Farshad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors12030048","article-title":"Vibrational analysis and concentration dependent SERS study of cefoperazone","volume":"12","author":"Faur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/AJAVSP.2010.91.96","article-title":"Determination of adhesin encoding genes in Escherichia coli isolates from omphalitis of chicks","volume":"5","author":"Ghanbarpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Veterinary Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03472-5","article-title":"Distribution of chaperone-usher fimbriae and curli fimbriae among uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"24","author":"Golpasand","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01669.x","article-title":"Assigning Escherichia coli strains to phylogenetic groups: multi-locus sequence typing versus the PCR triplex method","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/cran.package.hmisc","article-title":"Hmisc: harrell miscellaneous (CRAN)","author":"Harrell","year":"2003"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091246","article-title":"Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and virulence gene-factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in children in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","volume":"11","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101468","article-title":"Detection of fimH, kpsMTII, hlyA, and traT genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Iraqi patients with cystitis","volume":"26","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.02.021","article-title":"Second nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by Japanese Surveillance Committee from 2015 to 2016: antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"25","author":"Hayami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.199-207.2005","article-title":"Microbial DNA typing by automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR","volume":"43","author":"Healy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity on bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens","author":"Hegerova","year":"2015"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.9.1903-1905.1990","article-title":"Reproducibility and indices of discriminatory power of microbial typing methods","volume":"28","author":"Hunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Husna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051057","article-title":"Diversity of plasmids and genes encoding resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli from different animal sources","volume":"9","author":"Ibekwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5101\/nbe.v12i4.p338-350","article-title":"Comparative killing activity of different nanoparticles and nano-composites based on Dermanyssus gallinae","volume":"12","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.2.145","article-title":"Pathotyping avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Korea","volume":"13","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/319263","article-title":"Phylogenetic and pathotypic similarities between Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in dogs and extraintestinal infections in humans","volume":"183","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02537-7","article-title":"(GTG)(5)-PCR fingerprinting of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli bacteria isolates from hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","volume":"22","author":"Kabore","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses [Internet]\n          \n          \n            \n              Kassambara\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Mundt\n              F.\n            \n          \n          10.32614\/CRAN.package.factoextra\n          41351832\n          CRAN Contributed Package\n          26\n          2016"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"2495","article-title":"Antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index of Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Pheatmap: pretty heatmaps [Internet]\n          \n          1\n          8\n          \n            \n              Kolde\n              R.\n            \n          \n          10.32614\/CRAN.package.pheatmap\n          41351832\n          CRAN Contributed Package\n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20150817","article-title":"Coexpression of ESBL, Amp C and MBL in gram negative bacilli","volume":"3","author":"Kolhapure","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70013","article-title":"Characterization and biological activity of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by Yarrowia lipolytica","volume":"17","author":"Lashani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10635-w","article-title":"Analysis of phylogroups, biofilm formation, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and molecular typing of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with recurrent and non-recurrent urinary tract infections","volume":"25","author":"Mahshouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121795","article-title":"Evaluation of retail meat as a source of ESBL Escherichia coli in Tamaulipas, Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010007","article-title":"The role of gut, vaginal, and urinary microbiome in urinary tract infections: From bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Mestrovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28248125","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles: Green synthesis and biomedical application","volume":"28","author":"Mikhailova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08641-x","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens with biofilm forming capacity among outpatients in Morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Mlugu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00856-w","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characteristics of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from UTIs in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00948.x","article-title":"Comparison of five rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting methods for differentiation of fecal Escherichia coli from humans, poultry and wild birds","volume":"277","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00813-08","article-title":"Relationship between Escherichia coli strains causing acute cystitis in women and the fecal E. coli population of the host","volume":"46","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101058","article-title":"Molecular typing of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection by ERIC-PCR","volume":"23","author":"Movahedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-83822014000200019","article-title":"Phylogenetic grouping and pathotypic comparison of urine and fecal Escherichia coli isolates from children with urinary tract infection","volume":"45","author":"Navidinia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.944","article-title":"Detection of stx1, stx2, LT and ST toxin genes and O157 and H7 antigen genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Iran","volume":"6","author":"Nazemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v11i6.2219","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection among inpatients","volume":"139","author":"Niranjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v11i6.2219","article-title":"The relationship between phylogenetic groups and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from feces and urine of patients with acute or recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"11","author":"Norouzian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7204013","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water sources","volume":"2018","author":"Odonkor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2185\/jrm.2020-047","article-title":"The effect of social fear on the establishment of fever standards in rural hospitals during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Ohta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rural Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1661-1669.1999","article-title":"Principles and applications of methods for DNA-based typing of microbial organisms","volume":"37","author":"Olive","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.99492","article-title":"Identification of serotypes and virulence markers of Escherichia coli isolated from human stool and urine samples in Egypt","volume":"30","author":"Osman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2017.49.3.184","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterobacteriaceae in community-acquired urinary tract infections during a 5-year period: A single hospital study in Korea","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.03.013","article-title":"Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"34","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.05.024","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic distribution of ESBL, AmpC beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community-acquired and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in Sri Lanka","volume":"30","author":"Perera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02265-08","article-title":"Using a commercial DiversiLab semiautomated repetitive sequence-based PCR typing technique for identification of Escherichia coli clone ST131 producing CTX-M-15","volume":"47","author":"Pitout","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1827-1832.2003","article-title":"Virulence markers of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolated from children and adults with diarrhea in Brasilia, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Piva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2024.102065","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase variants in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis from community- and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"37","author":"Razaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000726.v1","article-title":"Phylogenic characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection","volume":"726","author":"Rigvava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23550-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of synthesized graphene oxide-selenium nanocomposites: A mechanistic insight","volume":"30","author":"Riyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1086\/498519","article-title":"Clinical and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2014producing Escherichia coli as a cause of nosocomial infection or colonization: Implications for control","volume":"42","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.302.4289","article-title":"Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"30","author":"Sabir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health","volume":"11","author":"Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.28331","article-title":"Pathotypic and phylogenetic study of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and uropathogenic E. coli using multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"9","author":"Salmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.3.1205-1208.2000","article-title":"A new Shiga toxin 2 variant (Stx2f) from Escherichia coli isolated from pigeons","volume":"66","author":"Schmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8010039","article-title":"The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v7i8.625","article-title":"Prevalence and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial strains isolated from tribal women suffering from urinary tract infections in District Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139","article-title":"The gut microbiome in health and in disease","volume":"31","author":"Shreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0255-0857(21)02886-3","article-title":"Prevalence of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"22","author":"Shukla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11113006","article-title":"Silver-protein nanocomposites as antimicrobial agents","volume":"11","author":"Sitohy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00466-3","article-title":"Molecular detection of bla(CTX-M) gene to predict phenotypic cephalosporin resistance and clinical outcome of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in Vietnam","volume":"20","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B89","volume-title":"New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering: From cellulose to cellulase: Strategies to improve biofuel production","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"87","article-title":"Application of repetitive extragenic palindromic elements based on PCR in detection of genetic relationship of lactic acid bacteria species isolated from traditional fermented food products","volume":"17","author":"Tafvizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.01.025","article-title":"Distribution of uropathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection","volume":"17","author":"Tarchouna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168024","article-title":"High prevalence of faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Tellevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104650","article-title":"Selective pressure of antibiotic pollution on bacteria of importance to public health","volume":"120","author":"Tello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01701-14","article-title":"Characterization of urinary tract infection-associated Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"82","author":"Toval","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100909","article-title":"Prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes among extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae of clinical origin","volume":"21","author":"Ugbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39228-w","article-title":"Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates by isothermal amplification and association of their virulence genes and phylogroups with extraintestinal infection","volume":"13","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","article-title":"Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial genomes","volume":"19","author":"Versalovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2015.04.026","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of silver loaded MnO2 nanomaterials with different crystal phases against Escherichia coli","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. (China)"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"315","article-title":"Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics","volume-title":"PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications","author":"White","year":"1990"},{"key":"B100","unstructured":"ggplot2: create elegant data visualisations using the grammar of graphics [Internet]\n          \n          \n            \n              Wickham\n              H.\n            \n            \n              Chang\n              W.\n            \n            \n              Henry\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Pedersen\n              T. L.\n            \n            \n              Takahashi\n              K.\n            \n            \n              Wilke\n              C.\n            \n          \n          10.32614\/CRAN.package.ggplot2\n          41351832\n          CRAN Contributed Package\n          1\n          2007"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2012.32.4.270","article-title":"Characterization of carbapenemase genes in Enterobacteriaceae species exhibiting decreased susceptibility to carbapenems in a university hospital in Chongqing, China","volume":"32","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774867\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:35:19Z","timestamp":1775540119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774867\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1774867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"article-number":"1774867"}}