{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:04:33Z","timestamp":1790975073523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects approximately 250 million people worldwide. The major barrier to cure lies in the persistent presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA within hepatocytes, which continuously drive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression and maintain immune tolerance, thereby leading to functional exhaustion of antiviral effector cells. Although nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) effectively suppress viral replication, they have limited impact on cccDNA activity and antigen production. In contrast, pegylated interferon-\u03b1 (PEG-IFN-\u03b1) enhances antigen presentation, activates innate immunity, and partially restores HBV-specific T cell function, thereby contributing to the disruption of immune tolerance to some extent. However, its therapeutic efficacy remains influenced by host immune status and antigen burden. With the development of antigen-reduction strategies (such as siRNA\/antisense oligonucleotides [ASO] and HBsAg-targeting monoclonal antibodies), therapeutic vaccines, and immune-modulatory approaches, PEG-IFN-\u03b1 is increasingly being incorporated into combination therapies. This review summarizes its immunological basis and clinical advances, and further discusses biomarker-driven patient stratification strategies, with the aim of improving functional cure rates in CHB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1779323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1780551320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond viral suppression: combining PEG-interferon with novel immunotherapies for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichun","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"HBV Infection, Clinical Cure and Immunology Joint Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12942","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of vesatolimod (GS-9620) in patients with chronic hepatitis B who are not currently on antiviral treatment","volume":"25","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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