{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T18:39:04Z","timestamp":1788115144880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are opportunistic pathogens that cause localized and disseminated infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Despite their clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenicity remain incompletely understood. This review summarizes current advances in\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence factors, host immune responses, and intracellular survival strategies. A diverse array of virulence factors enables\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    to invade host cells, circumvent immune defenses, and maintain persistence within host tissues, including mammalian cell entry (Mce) proteins, antioxidant enzymes, phospholipase C, hemolysins, and siderophore-associated proteins. Host protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    relies primarily on innate immune responses, with neutrophils playing a central role and being coordinated by \u03b3\u03b4T cells and interleukin-17\u2013mediated signaling pathways. In addition, the clinical epidemiology of nocardiosis and animal models of\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection are also briefly summarized. However, most mechanistic studies remain restricted to a limited number of type strains. Further investigations into\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013host interactions are essential for the development of improved diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for nocardiosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1780562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:01:56Z","timestamp":1772607716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular mechanisms underlying Nocardia host interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bingqian","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38567","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038567","article-title":"Novel structurally designed vaccine for S. aureus \u03b1-hemolysin: protection against bacteremia and pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"Adhikari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8367727","article-title":"Cloning of an M. tuberculosis DNA fragment associated with entry and survival inside cells","volume":"261","author":"Arruda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.11.001","article-title":"Nocardia asteroides strain GUH-2 induces proteasome inhibition and apoptotic death of cultured cells","volume":"158","author":"Barry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. 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