{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:50:24Z","timestamp":1791996624992,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Global systematic research on\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      drug resistance profiles and mechanisms is scarce. Many studies are constrained by single-center designs and restricted sample numbers, hindering the proper monitoring of drug resistance trends and the analysis of drug resistance mec e antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ampicillin had the highest resistance rate (76.2%), followed by azithromycin (38.2%) and amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (23.8%); tetracycline (6.2%) and levofloxacin (0.6%) had low resistance rates. No resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, or meropenem was detected. The \u03b2-lactamase positive rate was 67.2%. The\n                      <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene detection rate was 67.2%, frequently coexisting with\n                      <jats:italic>mef(A)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>msr(D)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>tet(B)<\/jats:italic>\n                      to form the local core resistome. Resistance mechanisms: ampicillin resistance (\u03b2-lactamase +\n                      <jats:italic>ftsI<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/PBP3 mutations); macrolide resistance (\n                      <jats:italic>mef(A)<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>msr(D)<\/jats:italic>\n                      efflux pumps); tetracycline resistance (\n                      <jats:italic>tet(B)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ); levofloxacin resistance (multiple\n                      <jats:italic>ParC<\/jats:italic>\n                      amino acid substitutions).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chongqing\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates had high ampicillin resistance, while the resistance to azithromycin and amoxicillin\/clavulanate cannot be ignored. The underlying resistance mechanisms were marked by the co-occurrence of macrolide and tetracycline-resistance genes on a\n                      <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene background. Continuous local surveillance is warranted to optimize empirical antimicrobial therapy and anticipate emerging resistance risks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1785829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:08:22Z","timestamp":1780466902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance characteristics and associated molecular mechanisms of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae from the lower respiratory tract in Chongqing, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fengdu General Hospital","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dianjiang People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, People\u2019s Hospital of Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongxian People\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08930-5","article-title":"First global report about the prevalence of multi-drug resistant Haemophilus influenzae: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Abavisani","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database","volume":"36","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05093-w","article-title":"Extensively drug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"44","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"China antimicrobial surveillance network (CHINET)\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically","year":"2024"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2025"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1196","article-title":"Rapid phylogenetic analysis of large samples of recombinant bacterial whole genome sequences using Gubbins","volume":"43","author":"Croucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf006","article-title":"Characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria causing acute otitis media in children at Vietnam National Children's Hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"\u0110\u1ed7","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2208-2218.2002","article-title":"Diversity of beta-lactam resistance-conferring amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 of Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"46","author":"Dabernat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05040-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in Belgium: 2018-2022","volume":"44","author":"El Nouwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00354-07","article-title":"Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime","volume":"51","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cobos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020315","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates, with emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance, 2017-2021, Italy","volume":"11","author":"Giufr\u00e8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000214","article-title":"The return of Pfeiffer's bacillus: Rising incidence of ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"4","author":"Heinz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa390","article-title":"Detection of mobile genetic elements associated with antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica using a newly developed web tool: MobileElementFinder","volume":"76","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221094191","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria isolates and their antibiotic-resistance patterns among pediatrics patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Kebede","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool","volume":"52","author":"Letunic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00095","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in adult patients in Shanghai, China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035313","article-title":"Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae carriage among healthy children in China: A meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Swedres-Svarm 2024 Sales of antibiotics and occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Sweden","author":"Aspevall","year":"2024"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000056","article-title":"SNP-sites: rapid efficient extraction of SNPs from multi-FASTA alignments","volume":"2","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","article-title":"CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00576-25","article-title":"Evolution of beta-lactam resistance causes fitness reductions and several cases of collateral sensitivities in the human pathogen Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"69","author":"Petersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(00)00288-7","article-title":"Developing a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) vaccine","volume":"19","author":"Poolman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68304-9","article-title":"Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: a randomised double-blind efficacy study","volume":"367","author":"Prymula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.804627","article-title":"One day in Denmark: Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing in bacterial isolates from clinical settings","volume":"13","author":"Rebelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.12.2823","article-title":"Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinants","volume":"43","author":"Roberts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042664","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane vesicles induces cross-protective immunity in mice","volume":"7","author":"Roier","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01316-05","article-title":"Molecular evolution of beta-lactam-resistant Haemophilus influenzae: 9-year surveillance of penicillin-binding protein 3 mutations in isolates from Japan","volume":"50","author":"Sanbongi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01489-09","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination","volume":"54","author":"San Millan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1863330","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae chronic colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"47","author":"Short","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20986","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es2014.19.49.20986","article-title":"Emergence of clonally related multidrug resistant Haemophilus influenzae with penicillin-binding protein 3-mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, Norway, 2006 to 2013","volume":"19","author":"Skaare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr189","article-title":"tet(M)-carrying Haemophilus influenzae as a potential reservoir for mobile antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"66","author":"Soge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.09.008","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae drug resistance in France from 2017 to 2021: consideration for treatment of otitis media","volume":"31","author":"Taha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01545-06","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer of ftsI, encoding penicillin-binding protein 3, in Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"51","author":"Takahata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102781","article-title":"Nationwide surveillance of antibacterial susceptibility in bacterial respiratory pathogens in Japan, 2022-2023","volume":"31","author":"Tokimatsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.973257","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance profiles of invasive Haemophilus influenzae from Norway 2017-2021","volume":"13","author":"T\u00f8nnessen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00195-8","article-title":"High prevalence of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus among vaccinated children with community-acquired pneumonia in Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-06","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"20","author":"Tristram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1693-1699.2001","article-title":"Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"45","author":"Ubukata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70734-0","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, an under-recognised pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Van Eldere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S535755","article-title":"Shifts in epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in children from Chongqing (2019-2024): Pre-, during, and post-COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30841-9","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China Pulmonary Health [CPH] study): a national cross-sectional study","volume":"391","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61203-4","article-title":"Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates","volume":"374","author":"Watt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62225-8","article-title":"Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination","volume":"378","author":"Weinberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040656","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance analysis of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in Guangzhou: A representative city of Southern China","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2023-006","article-title":"Characterization of serotypes and molecular drug resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae in Kunming children","volume":"72","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.947051","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in Guiyang, Guizhou, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0350-7","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae among children younger than 5 years of age in Beijing, China","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1785829\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:08:27Z","timestamp":1780466907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1785829\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1785829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1785829","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"1785829"}}