{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:05:41Z","timestamp":1780031141927,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012142","name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Research Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n (\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n ) disease in Bactrian camels is an acute infectious disease with high mortality, causing serious economic losses to the breeding industry. However, studies on its epidemiological patterns and whole-genome characteristics remain limited.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological patterns and whole-genome characteristics of\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n disease in Bactrian camels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Epidemiological investigations, physiological parameter measurements, pathological analyses, isolation and identification of\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n , and whole-genome sequencing were performed to elucidate the epidemiological patterns and whole-genome characteristics of\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n disease in Bactrian camels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The incidence of\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n disease in Bactrian camels was 37.89% (72\/190), with a mortality rate of 54.17% (39\/72). Compared with healthy camels, affected camels exhibited elevated body temperature, respiration, and pulse, along with significantly increased hemoglobin levels and red cell distribution width (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Elevated alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and phosphorus levels were also observed (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u00a00.01). Autopsy revealed hemorrhagic gastroenteritis; enlargement of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and other organs; and cerebral congestion and edema. Histopathological examination revealed edema, hemorrhage, and congestion in parenchymal organs, along with reduced neuronal numbers and neuronal shrinkage in brain tissue. Three toxin genes,\n plc, etx<\/jats:italic>\n and\n cpe<\/jats:italic>\n , were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that the total genome length of the eight strains of\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n ranged from 3, 195, 592 bp to 3, 595, 833 bp, and the predicted number of coding genes ranged from 2, 897 to 3, 413. Gene Ontology database annotation indicated enrichment in metabolic processes, cellular processes, catalytic activity, binding, and cellular component categories. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation identified pathways related to cellular community\u2212prokaryotes, signaling molecules and interactions, translation, and metabolism. Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Bacteria Database annotation identified virulence factors, including alpha-toxin,\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n enterotoxin, theta-toxin, alpha-clostripain, kappa-toxin, mu-toxin, and sialidase. Six drug resistance genes (\n vanh<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n cpir<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vant<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vanw<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n vany<\/jats:italic>\n and\n mPRF<\/jats:italic>\n ) were annotated by the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. In addition, three novel sequence types (ST1057, ST1058, and ST1059) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome revealed that the strains isolated from Bactrian camel showed substantial genomic divergence relative to strains isolated from other animals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n In young Bactrian camels,\n C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n is predominantly associated with type A and D strains, which exhibit distinct genomic characteristics, providing a foundation for improved diagnosis, prevention, and vaccine development.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1787432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:57:18Z","timestamp":1780030638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type A and D Clostridium perfringens with unique genetic evolution characteristics cause mortality in juvenile Bactrian camels"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wanpeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaibin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanqiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous AnimaIs","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.16","article-title":"Recent progress in camel research","volume":"14","author":"Abu-Seida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030109","article-title":"Genetic relatedness, antibiotic resistance, and effect of silver nanoparticle on biofilm formation by clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens, pigeons, camels, and human consumers","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2011.10.001","article-title":"Viral and bacterial infections associated with camel (camelus dromedarius) calf diarrhea in north province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Al-Ruwaili","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.08.016","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: the third most potent bacterial toxin known","volume":"30","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.1250.1256","article-title":"Seasonal variation in blood constituents of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius)","volume":"10","author":"Amin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci. PJBS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64586-4","article-title":"Disruption in glutathione metabolism and altered energy production in the liver and kidney after ischemic acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00126-3","article-title":"Diagnostic multiplex PCR for toxin genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolates","volume":"100","author":"Baums","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.952081","article-title":"Intra-species diversity of clostridium perfringens: a diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential","volume":"13","author":"Camargo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2341968","article-title":"Unveiling the pathogenic mechanisms of clostridium perfringens toxins and virulence factors","volume":"13","author":"Camargo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022762","article-title":"The cysteine protease \u03b1-clostripain is not essential for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens-mediated myonecrosis","volume":"6","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02318-2","article-title":"Alterations of hemogram, serum biochemistry, oxidative\/nitrosative balance, and copper\/zinc homeostasis in dromedary camels naturally infected with poxvirus","volume":"52","author":"De","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm006724","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin enteritis associated with pulmonary disease in a neotropical otter (lontra longicaudis, olfers 1818) under human care","volume":"46","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2022.11.1.30","article-title":"Preparation and field study of combined vaccine against clostridium perfringens type a and bovine viral diarrhea virus in camels","volume":"11","author":"Elhelw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e113","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of clostridium perfringens B20, a bacteriocin-producing pathogen","volume":"63","author":"Elnar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.48","article-title":"Pulsed-wave doppler echocardiographic and hematobiochemical profiles of clinically healthy racing dromedary camels","volume":"15","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121640","article-title":"Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens and clostridioides difficile in camel minced meat","volume":"10","author":"Fayez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101460","article-title":"Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolated from dromedary camels, pastures and herders","volume":"70","author":"Fayez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"239","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia In camel (camelusdromedarius) calves","volume":"1","author":"Fayez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000441","article-title":"Phylogenetic and genomic analysis reveals high genomic openness and genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110105","article-title":"Genomic analysis of clostridium perfringens type D isolates from goat farms","volume":"294","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719900190","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnostic features of brain and ophthalmic damage produced by clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin","volume":"32","author":"Finnie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn. Inc"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169050","article-title":"Pathology and pathogenesis of brain lesions produced by clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin","volume":"23","author":"Finnie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030073","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin: action, genetics, and translational applications","volume":"8","author":"Freedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.649953","article-title":"Comparative genomics of clostridium perfringens reveals patterns of host-associated phylogenetic clades and virulence factors","volume":"12","author":"Geier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060768","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens\u2014opportunistic foodborne pathogen, its diversity and epidemiological significance","volume":"12","author":"Grenda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000995","article-title":"Extensive genome analysis identifies novel plasmid families in clostridium perfringens","volume":"9","author":"Gulliver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genomics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2015.00048.X","article-title":"Types, pattern and morphology of enteritis prevalent in pigs (sus scrofa domesticus) of rajasthan","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"ournal Camel Pract. Researc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.22099\/IJVR.2023.46933.6746","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii and borrelia spp. in peripheral blood of dromedary camels in fars, Iran: molecular characterization, hematological parameters, and acute-phase protein alterations","volume":"24","author":"Heidari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122624","article-title":"Genomic diversity and virulence factors of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and necrotic enteritis-affected broiler chicken farms in quebec province","volume":"12","author":"Heidarpanah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27859","article-title":"Molecular identification of different toxinogenic strains of clostridium perfringens and histo-pathological observations of camels died of per-acute entero-toxemia","volume":"10","author":"Hm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099209","article-title":"Resistance determinants and mobile genetic elements of an NDM-1-encoding klebsiella pneumoniae strain","volume":"9","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.849856","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens types a and D involved in peracute deaths in goats kept in cholistan ecosystem during winter season","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102056","article-title":"Screening of bacteria inhibiting clostridium perfringens and assessment of their beneficial effects In vitro and In vivo with whole genome sequencing analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01385-z","article-title":"Particular genomic and virulence traits associated with preterm infant-derived toxigenic clostridium perfringens strains","volume":"8","author":"Kiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01849-y","article-title":"Blood leukocyte count as a systemic inflammatory biomarker associated with a more rapid spirometric decline in a large cohort of iron and steel industry workers","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4771-1","article-title":"Whole genome analysis reveals the diversity and evolutionary relationships between necrotic enteritis-causing strains of clostridium perfringens","volume":"19","author":"Lacey","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00176-21","article-title":"NanH is produced by sporulating cultures of clostridium perfringens type F food poisoning strains and enhances the cytotoxicity of C. perfringens enterotoxin","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBS-0022-2015","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens sporulation and sporulation-associated toxin production","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12020121","article-title":"Transcriptomics-based study of immune genes associated with subclinical mastitis in bactrian camels","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13061394","article-title":"A study on the changing law of bacterial communities in the milk of bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.003","article-title":"Patho-bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of mycoplasma bovis infection in calves - emerging stealth assault","volume":"107","author":"Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathogen."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103677","article-title":"Hematological and biochemical blood reference values for canary island camels (camelus dromedarius), an endangered dromedary species","volume":"30","author":"Mart\u00edn-Barrasa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1886777","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Mehdizadeh Gohari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251320943","article-title":"Enterotoxemia in a 2-day-old lamb produced by a clostridium perfringens type D lambda toxin\u2013positive strain","volume":"37","author":"Moctezuma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"32","article-title":"infectious enterotoxemia of camels caused by C. perfringens, type C","volume":"43","author":"Moebuu","year":"1966","journal-title":"Veterinariia"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.239","article-title":"Zoonotic implications of camel diseases in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.02.019","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces permanent neuronal degeneration and behavioral changes","volume":"130","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicon: Off. J. Int. Soc Toxinology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21918-6","article-title":"Bacteriological and serological investigation of clostridium perfringens in lambs","volume":"12","author":"Moustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i8.23","article-title":"Sudden death due to enterotoxemia among arabian camels (camelus dromedaries) and associated risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Mubarak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0024-2018","article-title":"Histotoxic clostridial infections","volume":"7","author":"Nagahama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02651-18","article-title":"CRISPR spacers indicate preferential matching of specific virioplankton genes","volume":"10","author":"Nasko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00500-20","article-title":"The agr-like quorum-sensing system is important for clostridium perfringens type a strain ATCC 3624 to cause gas gangrene in a mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050212","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and cell death associated with clostridium perfringens toxins","volume":"10","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15110637","article-title":"Structural basis of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin activation and oligomerization by trypsin","volume":"15","author":"Ogbu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9035341","article-title":"Genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolates from domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2020","author":"Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174393","article-title":"Effective oncoleaking treatment of pancreatic cancer by claudin-targeted suicide gene therapy with clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)","volume":"13","author":"Pahle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2017","article-title":"Integrative physiology of pneumonia","volume":"98","author":"Quinton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109933","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens associated with dairy farm systems show diverse genotypes","volume":"382","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20188636","article-title":"Unsupervised identification of disease states from high\u2010dimensional physiological and histopathological profiles","volume":"15","author":"Shimada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.10.010","article-title":"Clostridial abomasitis and enteritis in ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North. Am. Food. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142349","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of tarim and junggar bactrian camels based on simplified GBS genome sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Open Access J. MDPI"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16040180","article-title":"The molecular architecture and mode of action of clostridium perfringens \u03f5-toxin","volume":"16","author":"Titball","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102212","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of clostridium perfringens strains from neonatal calves, dairy workers and associated environment in India","volume":"63","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-024-04034-7","article-title":"Epidemiology and diagnostic accuracy of clostridium perfringens toxins in the intestinal contents of camels, sheep, and cattle: a cross-sectional study in dakahlia governorate, Egypt","volume":"56","author":"Wahdan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00462","article-title":"Sialidases from clostridium perfringens and their inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8912","article-title":"Severe heart muscle degeneration caused by clostridium perfringens type a in camel calves (camelus dromedarius)","volume":"45","author":"Wernery","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102516","article-title":"Prevalence, toxin-typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens in sheep with different feeding modes from gansu and qinghai provinces, China","volume":"73","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"138","article-title":"Review of advances in molecular structure and biological function of alpha toxin of clostridium perfringens","volume":"88","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res. = Rev. Can. Rech. Vet."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2025.013","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of type F clostridium perfringens among diarrheal patients and virulence-resistance dynamics - 11 provinces, China","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"China CDC wkly."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09703-9","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) reveals candidate genes affecting milk production traits","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"65","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens type b enterotoxaemia in a Kenyan camel","volume":"14","author":"Younan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.762449","article-title":"Infection dynamics of clostridium perfringens fingerprinting in buffalo and cattle of punjab province, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Zafar Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79333-8","article-title":"Complete genomic sequence and analysis of \u03b22 toxin gene mapping of clostridium perfringens JXJA17 isolated from piglets in China","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070427","article-title":"Isolation of a virulent clostridium perfringens strain from elaphurus davidianus and characterization by whole-genome sequence analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1543511","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of food-animal-derived and human-derived clostridium perfringens isolates from markets in shandong, China","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1787432\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:57:20Z","timestamp":1780030640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1787432\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1787432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1787432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1787432"}}