{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:08:19Z","timestamp":1780376899430,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Systemic type 1 interferon (IFN1), which is regulated by intestinal homeostasis, shows potential in inhibiting the immunoglobulin E (IgE) production and Th2 response\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study aimed to determine the effect of a high-salt diet (HSD) on systemic IFN1, gut microbiota and tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), intestinal serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1), and epithelial sodium ion channels (ENaCs) in atopic dermatitis (AD) mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MC903 was applied topically to establish AD in wild-type C57BL\/6 mice; in mice with IFN1 receptor-1 (\n                      <jats:italic>ifnar1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) knockout,\n                      <jats:italic>sgk1<\/jats:italic>\n                      conditional knockout (cKO) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), or stimulator of interferon genes (\n                      <jats:italic>sting<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) cKO in dendritic cells (DCs); and in\n                      <jats:italic>BDCA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -DTR mice with plasmacytoid DC (pDC) deletion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HSD significantly promoted AD accompanied by higher levels of serum IgE, IL-4\/IL-13, ileum SGK1, phosphorylated SGK1, \u03b2ENaC and \u03b3ENaC, and skin sodium, but lower levels of serum IFN1, ileum ZO-1, gut\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus_murinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus_reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      gavage alleviated AD, reduced serum IgE and IL-4\/IL-13, and increased serum IFN1 and ileum ZO-1 in AD mice on HSD, which were largely counteracted by\n                      <jats:italic>ifnar1<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout, pDC deletion, or\n                      <jats:italic>sting<\/jats:italic>\n                      cKO in DCs, but not in IECs. cKO of\n                      <jats:italic>sgk1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in IECs alleviated AD, slightly reduced the serum IgE and IL-4\/IL-13, and significantly reduced the ileum \u03b2ENaC and \u03b3ENaC and the skin sodium in mice on HSD without changing the gut microbiota, ileum ZO-1, and serum IFN1 levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HSD promotes AD by partially impairing the systemic IFN1 production that is orchestrated by STING signaling in DCs by reducing the gut\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and by partially increasing the sodium accumulation in skin lesions via driving the ileum SGK1 phosphorylation and \u03b2ENaC and \u03b3ENaC expression. Further research is necessary to assess the effect of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation on clinical AD patients with an HSD habit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1794494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:28:47Z","timestamp":1780374527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-salt diet promotes atopic dermatitis by partially enhancing intestinal SGK1\/ENaC signaling and destroying gut Lactobacillus-maintained systemic type 1 interferon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bangtao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361005","article-title":"Unraveling the skin; a comprehensive review of atopic dermatitis, current understanding, and approaches","volume":"15","author":"Afshari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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