{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:45:52Z","timestamp":1776235552601,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The skin microbiome plays a key role in cutaneous immunity and is shaped by host immune status. HIV infection is associated with immune dysfunction and dermatological disease, yet its impact on the skin microbiome and the modifying effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain incompletely defined. This prospective observational study conducted in Indonesia aimed to characterize differences in skin microbiome composition across HIV status and ART exposure and relate these profiles to clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skin swabs were obtained from sebaceous (posterior neck) and dry (dorsal forearm) sites in HIV-ART-na\u00efve individuals, people living with HIV on ART, and HIV-negative controls, and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial diversity and community structure were assessed using Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity, PERMANOVA, and differential abundance testing with ANCOM-BC2, with multivariable models adjusting for demographic, clinical, behavioral, and anatomical factors and subgroup analyses by body mass index, skincare habits, and sampling site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 488 samples from 244 participants were analyzed. Both HIV groups showed significantly reduced alpha diversity compared with controls, and overall community composition differed by HIV status, although sampling site explained a larger proportion of variation. Across groups, the microbiome was dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Differential abundance analyses indicated targeted genus-level shifts rather than global dysbiosis, with ART-na\u00efve individuals showing the most consistent deviations, including increased\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and reduced\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      relative to controls, and partial attenuation among participants receiving ART. HIV-associated differences were observed within both sebaceous and dry sites, and HIV status remained independently associated with microbiome composition after adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that HIV infection is associated with subtle but consistent alterations in the skin microbiome within the context of strong site-specific skin microenvironments. Longitudinal studies integrating functional profiling and host markers of cutaneous barrier integrity and inflammation are needed to clarify their clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1794878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:44:33Z","timestamp":1776231873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skin microbiome variation in people living with HIV: associations with antiretroviral therapy and host factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Anshory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC)","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Strepis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC)","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milanitalia Gadys","family":"Rosandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aulia Rahmi","family":"Pawestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indah Adhita","family":"Wulanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lita","family":"Setyowatie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathanael Ibot","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia Rasta","family":"Malem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Handono","family":"Kalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya","place":["Malang, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar E. C.","family":"Nijsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC)","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan L.","family":"Nouwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC)","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hok Bing","family":"Thio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC)","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5095293","article-title":"Skin immune landscape: inside and outside the organism","volume":"2017","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073199","article-title":"HIV-associated dermatological alterations: barrier dysfunction, immune impairment, and microbiome changes","volume":"26","author":"Anshory","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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