{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1777867547003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":394,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lung, and more specifically the airway epithelium, is continuously exposed to a wide range of inhaled environmental agents. Acting as a frontline physical and biochemical barrier, the airway epithelium orchestrates early host defense mechanisms, among which immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a central role. Long considered sterile, the healthy lung is now recognized as a complex mucosal ecosystem harboring diverse and dynamic microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Although the lung microbiome is generally transient and low in biomass, accumulating evidence suggests that it contributes to pulmonary homeostasis by supporting immune system maturation, preserving structural tissue integrity, and limiting pathogen colonization. How immune homeostasis is maintained in this constantly challenged environment remains however a central and largely unanswered question. This review synthesizes current state-of-the-art knowledge on the origin, composition, and functional determinants of the lung microbiome, with a specific focus on its bidirectional interplay with secretory IgA. We discuss microbiota-specific IgA responses, factors influencing IgA\u2013microbiome interactions, and how these processes are disrupted in chronic and inflammatory lung diseases. Finally, we highlight major knowledge gaps and explore emerging therapeutic perspectives targeting IgA\u2013microbiome crosstalk to restore pulmonary immune homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1796523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:07:03Z","timestamp":1775801223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crosstalk between the microbiome and the mucosal immunoglobulin A system in the lung, in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Corentin","family":"Stavart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Lung, Nose and Skin research (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Gohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Lung, Nose and Skin research (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Reference Centre, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp","place":["Antwerpen, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Van Bambeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Crabb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology (LPM), Ghent University","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Pilette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole of Lung, Nose and Skin research (LUNS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. 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