{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:49Z","timestamp":1787026309125,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02273000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02273000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02223058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02223058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotics are prone to multidrug resistance (MDR), underscoring the urgent need for safer, sustainable, and efficient antibacterial strategies. In this context, this account presents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for multifunctional applications, including antimicrobial efficacy, agricultural seed priming, and ecotoxicological assessment using a zebrafish embryo model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A green chemistry\u2013based synthesis of AgNPs is presented using\n                      <jats:italic>Zingiber officinale<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract as a biogenic reducing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial pathogens. Their potential benefits in agriculture were assessed through seed priming assays. Furthermore, the safety and toxicological effects of AgNPs were investigated using an\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      zebrafish embryo model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The AgNPs were characterized using XRD, HR-TEM, SAED, XPS, and FTIR, confirming a narrow nanoscale size distribution ranging from 4 to 14 nm, high crystallinity, and stable surface capping. The antibacterial activity results showed that the lethal concentration at 80% (LD\n                      <jats:sub>80<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of the synthesized AgNPs is approximately 50 ppm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Seed priming assay results showed enhanced seed germination rate and vegetative growth across all tested AgNP concentrations (20 to 60 ppm). However, the results also showed that lower concentration ranges can be toxic to zebrafish embryos.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The research demonstrates the antibacterial effectiveness of the synthesized AgNPs using the rhizome extract. Moreover, AgNP-mediated seed priming can enhance seed vigor and vegetative growth in two important crops,\n                      <jats:italic>Trigonella foenum-graecum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Vigna radiata<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, zebrafish embryo toxicity tests showed serious ecotoxicological concerns. It is proposed to use AgNPs at safe, effective concentrations, considering the risk\u2013benefit to avoid adverse effects on the environment, human health, and aquatic life.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1798925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1778219452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Zingiber officinale rhizome extract for multidrug-resistant pathogen control, seed vigor enhancement, and fish embryo toxicity assessment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gajanan Sampatrao","family":"Ghodake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergent Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul","place":["Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul","place":["Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Suk","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul","place":["Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul","place":["Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vini","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research Cell, Dr. D. 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