{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:34:53Z","timestamp":1774596893683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major vector of filariasis and Japanese encephalitis in China. The application of insecticides is a regular measure for prevention and control of such mosquito-borne diseases. However, insecticide resistance, often caused by target-site mutations, threatens control efforts. In Mianyang City, a region previously reporting high pyrethroid resistance, the current genetic basis of resistance remains unclear. To address this gap, resistance-related mutations in three key insecticide targets, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE, encoded by\n                    <jats:italic>ace1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , conferring organophosphate\/carbamate resistance), GABA receptor RDL subunit (encoded by\n                    <jats:italic>rdl<\/jats:italic>\n                    , conferring dieldrin\/fipronil resistance), and voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC,\n                    <jats:italic>encoded by vgsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    , conferring pyrethroid\/DDT resistance), in seven field populations of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected across Mianyang were simultaneously screened by gene sequencing. The results showed that the known AChE G119S mutation was present at low frequencies (1.25% to 5.1%). Two RDL mutations, the previously reported A296S and a novel A296G, were widely detected at appreciable frequencies. In the\n                    <jats:italic>vgsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, the knockdown resistance allele L1014F was dominant (overall frequency 88%), and a novel A1007T mutation emerged on the L1014F allele. This study provides the first comprehensive snapshot of co-existing target-site resistance mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The simultaneous presence of mutations across three distinct target mechanisms, including two first-reported mutations (RDL-A296G and VGSC-A1007T), signals a multifaceted and evolving resistance landscape. These findings highlight an urgent need for resistance monitoring and management in this important disease vector.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1798952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:37:26Z","timestamp":1774593446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic variations in three insecticide targets in the disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus from Mianyang, China: simultaneous detection of novel mutations RDL A296G and VGSC A1007T"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xianying","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meilin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengzheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Mianyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Mianyang, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinghui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011991","article-title":"Knockdown resistance (kdr) associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex quinquefasciatus): systematic study of reviews and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Abbasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Negl. 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