{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:05:04Z","timestamp":1779433504047,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fungi have been a rich source of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and cholesterol-lowering drugs; however, their therapeutic potential remains largely untapped due to difficulties in culturing and elucidating the genetic basis of beneficial traits. Fungi contain \u2018cryptic\u2019 genes that are expressed under certain, and often obscure, growth conditions and can produce complex compounds that are difficult to synthesize economically. Developments in genome sequencing and DNA-synthesis technologies offer new opportunities to produce such compounds using biotechnological techniques, however, accurately identifying useful and novel genes, a prerequisite for such approaches, remains challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present a novel \u2018two-by-two\u2019 comparative genomics pipeline for comprehensive gene analysis of selected fungal groups, enabling more confident identification of unique genes across the analyzed species. The approach compares gene sets from two strains of the same species with those from two strains of different species or families within a fungal order. Self-clustering orthologs that are unique to strains from the same species provide higher confidence in identifying species-specific proteins and help reduce noise from low-quality genome assemblies and gene prediction errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We validated our method in a well-studied fungal group, correctly identifying known species-specific genes and gene clusters, and discovering a novel functional myco-serpin and a fungal Tc toxin complex in\n                      <jats:italic>Metarhizium<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Elucidating the genes underlying beneficial traits in fungi presents significant challenges, largely due to the unique and relatively complex aspects of their lifestyles. The two-by-two approach shows broad potential for fungal genome mining and bioprospecting, demonstrated by our discovery of the first fungal Tc toxin complex and a functional myco-serpin in\n                      <jats:italic>Metarhizium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Hypocreales), and is applicable to other fungal orders such as Eurotiales and Xylariales. Furthermore, the two-by-two approach can be adapted to other organisms with genome architectures similar to fungi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1800461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:09:25Z","timestamp":1779430165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discovery of a fungal Tc toxin complex and functional mycoserpin through a novel two-by-two comparative genomics approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zack","family":"Saud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University","place":["Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn J.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas","place":["Heraklion, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Boostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"MacLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University","place":["Cardiff, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengshu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq M.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University","place":["Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold\u20093","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8034-2","article-title":"Natural products from filamentous fungi and production by heterologous expression","volume":"101","author":"Alberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.7.3957","article-title":"Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent","volume":"77","author":"Alberts","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0036-z","article-title":"SignalP 5.0 improves signal peptide predictions using deep neural networks","volume":"37","author":"Almagro Armenteros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19456-1_4-1","article-title":"Production of cyclosporine A by submerged fermentation","volume-title":"Fungal metabolites","author":"Anjum","year":"2015"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/s0965-1748(03)00116-4","article-title":"A serine proteinase homolog venom protein from an endoparasitoid wasp inhibits melanization of the host hemolymph","volume":"33","author":"Asgari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2003.09.031","article-title":"Reconstructing the diversification of subtilisins in the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"324","author":"Bagga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2019.107260","article-title":"Nosema bombycis suppresses host hemolymph melanization through secreted serpin 6 inhibiting the prophenoloxidase activation cascade","volume":"168","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31836-w","article-title":"Mechanism of threonine ADP-ribosylation of F-actin by a Tc toxin","volume":"13","author":"Belyy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344","article-title":"antiSMASH 7.0: new and improved predictions for detection, regulation, chemical\u00a0structures and visualisation","volume":"51","author":"Blin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1039\/c6cc02130a","article-title":"Identification of genes encoding squalestatin S1 biosynthesis and in vitro production of new squalestatin analogues","volume":"52","author":"Bonsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun. (Camb)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2916","article-title":"Regulation of fungal secondary metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Brakhage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140848","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.0848","article-title":"Frequent, independent transfers of a catabolic gene from bacteria to contrasted filamentous eukaryotes","volume":"281","author":"Bruto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081686","article-title":"Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenesis of mosquito larvae: a verdict of accidental death","volume":"8","author":"Butt","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.041384","article-title":"Swainsonine biosynthesis genes in diverse symbiotic and pathogenic fungi","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02037","article-title":"In vivo study of the sorbicillinoid gene cluster in trichoderma reesei","volume":"8","author":"Derntl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.05.022","article-title":"Destruxins: fungal-derived cyclohexadepsipeptides with multifaceted anticancer and antiangiogenic activities","volume":"86","author":"Dornetshuber-Fleiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503200112","article-title":"Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity","volume":"112","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.1.129","article-title":"On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3767105","article-title":"Genomics of the fungal kingdom: insights into eukaryotic biology","volume":"15","author":"Galagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11987","article-title":"A syringe-like injection mechanism in Photorhabdus luminescens toxins","volume":"495","author":"Gatsogiannis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.06.008","article-title":"Intracellular siderophore but not extracellular siderophore is required for full virulence in Metarhizium robertsii","volume":"82","author":"Giuliano Garisto Donzelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/193987a0","article-title":"Fusidic acid: a new antibiotic","volume":"193","author":"Godtfredsen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316284121","article-title":"Frequent horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal insect pathogens","volume":"121","author":"Habig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903282116","article-title":"Structure-guided function discovery of an NRPS-like glycine betaine reductase for choline biosynthesis in fungi","volume":"116","author":"Hai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-5-r45","article-title":"A novel mode of chromosomal evolution peculiar to filamentous Ascomycete fungi","volume":"12","author":"Hane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar5459","article-title":"HEx: A heterologous expression platform for the discovery of fungal natural products","volume":"4","author":"Harvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41648-4_13","article-title":"Genetics and infection biology of the entomopathogenic fungi","volume-title":"Fungal associations","author":"Hong","year":"2024"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17246","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601678200","article-title":"A serpin from the gut bacterium Bifidobacterium longum inhibits eukaryotic elastase-like serine proteases","volume":"281","author":"Ivanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1021\/np980200c","article-title":"Clavaric acid: a triterpenoid inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase from Clavariadelphus truncatus","volume":"61","author":"Jayasuriya","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070633","article-title":"Isolating\u201d uncultivable\u201d microorganisms in pure culture in a simulated natural environment","volume":"296","author":"Kaeberlein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.10.012","article-title":"Peramine and other fungal alkaloids are exuded in the guttation fluid of endophyte-infected grasses","volume":"68","author":"Koulman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.11.020","article-title":"Identification of extracellular siderophores and a related peptide from the endophytic fungus Epichlo\u00eb festucae in culture and endophyte-infected Lolium perenne","volume":"75","author":"Koulman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4307-0","article-title":"Chromosome level assembly and secondary metabolite potential of the parasitic fungus Cordyceps militaris","volume":"18","author":"Kramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax6497","article-title":"Common architecture of Tc toxins from human and insect pathogenic bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Leidreiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5435.1917","article-title":"Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila","volume":"285","author":"Levashina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.08.008","article-title":"Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Archaeological Science: Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113642","article-title":"Suppression of Drosophila antifungal immunity by a parasite effector via blocking GNBP3 and GNBP-like 3, the dual receptors for \u03b2-glucans","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1706902","article-title":"Swainsonine protects H9c2 cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammatory injury via down-regulating miR-429","volume":"19","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Cycle"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13015","article-title":"Mechanism of Tc toxin action revealed in molecular detail","volume":"508","author":"Meusch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-015-0020-z","article-title":"The diversity of fungal genome","volume":"17","author":"Mohanta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5391-5_19","article-title":"SERP-1, a poxvirus-encoded serpin, is expressed as a secreted glycoprotein that inhibits the inflammatory response to myxoma virus infection","volume":"425","author":"Nash","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/175548a0","article-title":"Cephalosporin C, a new antibiotic containing sulphur and D-alpha-aminoadipic acid","volume":"175","author":"Newton","year":"1955","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120508","article-title":"Isolation and identification of an extracellular subtilisin-like serine protease secreted by the bat pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans","volume":"10","author":"Pannkuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080799","article-title":"Inventory of the Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential of Members within the Terminal Clade of the Fusarium solani Species Complex","volume":"9","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10824-y","article-title":"Transcriptional reprogramming in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum and its aphid host Myzus persicae during the switch between saprophytic and parasitic lifestyles","volume":"25","author":"Reingold","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16536-7","article-title":"Glycan-dependent cell adhesion mechanism of Tc toxins","volume":"11","author":"Roderer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095531","article-title":"Tc toxin complexes: assembly, membrane permeation, and protein translocation","volume":"73","author":"Roderer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19760590412","article-title":"Cyclosporin A, ein immunsuppressiv wirksamer Peptidmetabolit aus\u00a0Trichoderma polysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai [Cyclosporin A, a Peptide Metabolite from Trichoderma polysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai, with a remarkable immunosuppressive activity","volume":"59","author":"R\u00fcegger","year":"1976","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07390-y","article-title":"Telomere\u00a0length\u00a0de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline","volume":"22","author":"Saud","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24133-5","article-title":"Mining and unearthing hidden biosynthetic potential","volume":"12","author":"Scherlach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B52","author":"Schr\u00f6dinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 3.0"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk2756","article-title":"An evolutionarily conserved serine protease network mediates melanization and Toll activation in Drosophila","volume":"9","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02174-0","article-title":"CombFold: predicting structures of large protein assemblies using a combinatorial assembly algorithm and AlphaFold2","volume":"21","author":"Shor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv351","article-title":"BUSCO: assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs","volume":"31","author":"Sim\u00e3o","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01571-z","article-title":"Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations","volume":"9","author":"Sitsel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1021\/ol702806v","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis of the shimalactones","volume":"10","author":"Sofiyev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009102","article-title":"Genome-wide dissection reveals diverse pathogenic roles of bacterial Tc toxins","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2008.01.021","article-title":"A serpin in the cellulosome of the anaerobic fungus\u00a0Piromyces sp. strain E2","volume":"112","author":"Steenbakkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16721.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning and regulatory analysis of the cuticle-degrading-protease structural gene from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"204","author":"St Leger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W397","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad313","article-title":"OrthoVenn3: an integrated platform for exploring and visualizing orthologous data across genomes","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.081612.108","article-title":"Gene prediction in novel fungal genomes using an ab initio algorithm with unsupervised training","volume":"18","author":"Ter-Hovhannisyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-013-0121-9","article-title":"Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin","volume":"4","author":"Tuli","year":"2014","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110567","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Choke Stroma and Asymptomatic Inflorescence Tissues Reveals Changes in Gene Expression in Both Epichlo\u00eb festucae and Its Host Plant Festuca rubra subsp. rubra","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17032367","article-title":"Beauvericin, a bioactive compound produced by fungi: a short review","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.748976","article-title":"Epsilon-poly-L-lysine: recent advances in biomanufacturing and applications","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00467.x","article-title":"Potentiation and cellular phenotypes of the insecticidal toxin complexes of\u00a0Photorhabdus bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Waterfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00819-5","article-title":"Trichoderma: a multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture","volume":"21","author":"Woo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2017.09.001","article-title":"Fungal cordycepin biosynthesis is coupled with the production of the safeguard molecule pentostatin","volume":"24","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05250-7","article-title":"CRISPR screens in Drosophila cells identify Vsg as a Tc toxin receptor","volume":"610","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00667-20","article-title":"Production of diverse beauveriolide analogs in closely related fungi: a rare case of fungal chemodiversity","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007472","article-title":"Duplication of a\u00a0Pks\u00a0gene cluster and subsequent functional diversification facilitate environmental adaptation in Metarhizium species","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Genet."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.783609","article-title":"Transcriptional differences guided discovery and genetic identification of coprogen and dimerumic acid siderophores in metarhizium robertsii","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150701309006","article-title":"Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii","volume":"17","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1800461\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:09:27Z","timestamp":1779430167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1800461\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1800461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1800461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"article-number":"1800461"}}