{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:17:05Z","timestamp":1778566625616,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The polymorphism of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes determines the host\u2019s susceptibility to viral infections. This study aimed to investigate the impact of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in\n                    <jats:italic>KIR3DL1\/3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HLA-B<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes on hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A total of 1881 individuals participated in this case-control study. SNPs including\n                    <jats:italic>KIR3DL1\/3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs613491, rs605219, rs620977 and\n                    <jats:italic>HLA-B<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs3819288, rs1131170 were genotyped. Using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for established genetic and demographic confounders combined with stratified analysis and multidimensional bioinformatics analysis was employed to analyze the association between SNPs and HCV infection. Logistic regression analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>KIR3DL1\/3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs613491 CC and\n                    <jats:italic>HLA-B<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1131170 CC were associated with increased susceptibility to HCV (codominant model: OR\u00a0=\u00a03.13, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.90-5.17,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001; and OR\u00a0=\u00a04.20, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.79-6.33,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001, respectively), whereas\n                    <jats:italic>HLA-B<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1131170 AC showed a reduced susceptibility to HCV (codominant model: OR\u00a0=\u00a00.63, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.49-0.81,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). We speculate that the protective rs1131170-AC genotype may enhance either the quantity or quality of HCV-antigen presentation, thereby reducing susceptibility to infection. Stratified analysis indicated that rs613491 and rs1131170 also increased HCV susceptibility in certain subgroups. Bioinformatics analysis suggested the regulatory potential of these SNPs and their role in altering messenger RNA secondary structure, suggesting potential functional relevance that requires experimental validation in HCV susceptibility. Our findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>KIR3DL1\/3DS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs613491 CC and\n                    <jats:italic>HLA-B<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1131170 CC are significantly associated with increased HCV susceptibility, while rs1131170 AC is associated with reduced susceptibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1801310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:43:42Z","timestamp":1778564622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of KIR3DL1\/3DS1 and HLA-B polymorphisms on hepatitis C virus infection: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, 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China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongbin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chongcai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Hainan International Travel Healthcare Center (Haikou Customs Port Clinic)","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jizheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of pain, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, 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