{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T15:26:20Z","timestamp":1793028380945,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is increasingly recognized as a disorder influencednot only by diet and host oxalate handling, but also by the gut\u2013kidneymicrobiome axis. Emerging multi-omics studies suggest that disturbances inintestinal and urinary microbiota, together with altered microbial metabolites,may contribute to disrupted oxalate homeostasis, inflammatory signaling, epithelialinjury, and crystal retention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a narrative, semi-structuredreview of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (2010\u20132025), focusing onoxalate metabolism, gut and urinary microbiota, and microbiome-targeted interventionsin nephrolithiasis, with emphasis on calcium oxalate stones. Human andexperimental studies examining microbial composition, microbial metabolites,host transport and genetic determinants, and nutritional or microbial therapieswere qualitatively synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence indicates that loss of oxalatedegradinggut bacteria and broader dysbiosis are associated with hyperoxaluriaand increased calcium oxalate stone risk, whereas microbiome-supportive dietarypatterns may be protective. Multi-omics analyses reveal coordinated alterationsacross stool, urine, and stone-associated microbiota, implicating pathways involvingshort-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and unconjugated bilirubin in oxalatehandling, inflammation, and lithogenesis. Nutritional modulation may favorablyinfluence this axis, while probiotics, synbiotics, and engineered livebiotherapeutics show encouraging preclinical results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fecal microbiota transplantationremains highly preliminary in this field, and overall human data remainlimited and heterogeneous. The gut\u2013kidney microbiome\u2013oxalate axis providesan integrative framework linking diet, host pathways, microbial metabolites, andmulti-site microbial communities to calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, and may helpinform future microbiome-based prevention and adjunctive managementstrategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1804800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:41:04Z","timestamp":1776231664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The gut\u2013kidney microbiome\u2013oxalate axis in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: mechanisms and microbiome-based interventions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Jinan Third People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingwei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54432-6","article-title":"Cefazolin shifts the kidney microbiota to promote a lithogenic environment","volume":"15","author":"Agudelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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