{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:00:24Z","timestamp":1777950024607,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The global prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is increasing. Individuals with NTM-PD frequently develop chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and NTM and to identify mechanisms that may inform novel therapeutic strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was incubated with NTM culture supernatants, and biofilm formation was quantified using the crystal violet assay. Phagocytic activity against\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      conidia were assessed in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Conversely, phagocytosis of\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was evaluated in macrophages exposed to\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture supernatants. Finally, fungal clearance\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed in mice pre-infected with\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NTM supernatants significantly enhanced\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth.\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection decreased the macrophages-phagocytosis rate of\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      by approximately 40% compared to uninfected control. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection reduced Dectin-1 gene expression in macrophages by half. Secondary metabolites produced by\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      impaired macrophage phagocytosis of\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , prior\n                      <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection delayed fungal clearance from the lungs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NTM promote not only\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth but also its colonization by impairing macrophage immune function. Conversely,\n                      <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      suppresses host defense against NTM via secondary metabolites. These findings suggest that microbial cross-modulation creates a permissive niche that facilitates co-colonization and may contribute to disease progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1810773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:34:30Z","timestamp":1777872870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus and non-tuberculous mycobacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hotaka","family":"Namie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences","place":["Nagasaki, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Takazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious 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