{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:19:00Z","timestamp":1787775540084,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common commensal bacterium of dogs. It becomes an opportunistic pathogen when it evades the immune and exogenous antimicrobial control to cause pyoderma, otitis, and postoperative infections in dogs. The shift from colonization to invasive disease illustrates an interplay between bacterial virulence and host immune defense.\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes adhesins, exoenzymes, and cytotoxins that facilitate attachment to epithelial surfaces, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion. The bacterium evades the host immune system through IgG-binding proteins, complement inhibition, NET degradation, and modulation of cytokine signaling therefore enabling persistent infection or recurrence, particularly in atopic or immunocompromised hosts. Given that mobile elements found in the genome of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    may encode resistance and virulence genes, these factors may influence selection for lineages that are virulent and methicillin resistant. The animal host defends itself against\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    by keratinocyte inflammasome activation, neutrophil recruitment, and Th1\/Th17 responses. Although these mechanisms drive bacterial clearance, they can cause tissue injury because of inflammation. Despite increased understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis, effective immunoprophylaxis remains elusive because of bacterial antigenic diversity. Recent research has identified conserved surface proteins and secreted toxins which can serve as candidate antigens for robust vaccine design. This review synthesizes current knowledge on\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius-<\/jats:italic>\n                    host interactions, highlighting mechanisms of bacterial defense and evasion. Furthermore, we suggest gaps that warrant further research and outline strategies for immunotherapeutics and vaccines against canine staphylococcal infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1812880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:29:21Z","timestamp":1779172161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The dynamic interplay between Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and canine immunity: mechanisms of pathogenesis, evasion, and vaccination perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Branford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Butaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwai Oo","family":"Khine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aspinas","family":"Chapwanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix N.","family":"Toka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"]},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204450","article-title":"Characterization of a leukocidin identified in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius","volume":"13","author":"Abouelkhair","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220301","article-title":"Identification, cloning and characterization of SpEX exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius","volume":"14","author":"Abouelkhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1489199","article-title":"Characterization of recombinant wild-type and nontoxigenic protein A from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius","volume":"9","author":"Abouelkhair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108720","article-title":"Staphylococcus pseudintermedius 5'-nucleotidase suppresses canine phagocytic activity","volume":"246","author":"Abouelkhair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. 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