{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:18:35Z","timestamp":1791227915765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The maternal-fetal interface represents a dynamic immunological frontier where pregnancy outcomes are determined by the delicate balance between host defense and microbial pathogenesis. Vertical transmission of pathogens across the placental barrier can lead to devastating consequences including fetal loss, stillbirth, prematurity, and congenital anomalies. The classic TORCH acronym encompasses Toxoplasma gondii, Other agents, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus, though emerging viruses including Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 have expanded this spectrum. This review synthesizes current understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying vertical transmission, emphasizing the placenta\u2019s multi-layered defense system encompassing the syncytiotrophoblast physical barrier, specialized decidual immune cell populations including decidual natural killer cells and macrophages, and constitutive antimicrobial signaling pathways focusing on the placenta\u2019s multi-layered defense system encompassing the syncytiotrophoblast physical barrier, specialized decidual immune cell populations including decidual natural killer cells and macrophages, and constitutive antimicrobial signaling pathways. Concurrently, we examine pathogen strategies to subvert these defenses through receptor manipulation, immune evasion, and intracellular replication niches. A major focus is dedicated to the impact of proteomics and single-cell multi-omics in deconvoluting the host-pathogen interactome and identifying biomarkers of fetal injury. Recent seroprevalence studies demonstrate that younger women represent the most susceptible population to acute TORCH infections, highlighting the need for targeted screening programs. This synthesis provides a framework for developing precision diagnostics and targeted interventions to prevent vertical transmission and reduce the global burden of congenital infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1817189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:33:10Z","timestamp":1780896790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["TORCH infections at the maternal\u2013fetal placental transmission: an overview of multi-omics, pathogenesis and innate immune defense"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Nirala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Gaozhou People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Maoming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Gaozhou People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Maoming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingchun","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Gaozhou People\u2019s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Maoming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2026.101832","article-title":"Impact of false lumen volume on admission coagulopathy in acute type a aortic dissection","author":"Abi Abdallah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Critical Care Pain Medi."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","article-title":"Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"4","author":"Ander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05869-0","article-title":"Spatial multiomics map of trophoblast development in early pregnancy","volume":"616","author":"Arutyunyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001137","article-title":"Current status of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease: a call to action","volume":"38","author":"Bailey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2202-2207.2006","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes traffics from maternal organs to the placenta","volume":"74","author":"Bakardjiev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722256","article-title":"Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Barcelos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia\/RBGO Gynecology Obstetrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.060","article-title":"Human trophoblasts confer resistance to viruses implicated in perinatal infection","volume":"212","author":"Bayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.008","article-title":"Type III interferons produced by human placental trophoblasts confer protection against Zika virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Bayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","article-title":"Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity","volume":"22","author":"Bj\u00f6rkstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01433-8","article-title":"Spatially resolved protein map of intact human cytomegalovirus virions","volume":"8","author":"Bogdanow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-021-09994-w","article-title":"Zika virus infection of the placenta alters extracellular matrix proteome","volume":"53","author":"Borges-V\u00e9lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006164","article-title":"Zika virus antagonizes type I interferon responses during infection of human dendritic cells","volume":"13","author":"Bowen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02392-16","article-title":"Congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and the enigma of maternal immunity","volume":"91","author":"Britt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2017.12.001","article-title":"Single-cell resolution of T cell immune responses","volume":"137","author":"Buchholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa053","article-title":"Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia","volume":"27","author":"Colson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.125","article-title":"Zika virus\u2014Reigniting the TORCH","volume":"14","author":"Coyne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00931-3","article-title":"The multiple myeloma microenvironment is defined by an inflammatory stromal cell landscape","volume":"22","author":"de Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12048","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304718110","article-title":"Human placental trophoblasts confer viral resistance to recipient cells","volume":"110","author":"Delorme-Axford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1667601","article-title":"The placental battlefield: viral strategies and immune countermeasures","volume":"16","author":"Dhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12204","article-title":"A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Dudley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003147855-23","article-title":"Inborn errors of metabolism with myopathy: defects of fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle system","volume":"65","author":"El-Gharbawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clinics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.674645","article-title":"Innate immune response to viral infections at the maternal-fetal interface in human pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Espino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266296","article-title":"Development of mucus-penetrating iodine loaded self-emulsifying system for local vaginal delivery","volume":"17","author":"Fida","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025551","article-title":"Malaria during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Fried","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2022.833106","article-title":"Host-viral interactions at the maternal-fetal interface: What we know and what we need to know","volume":"2","author":"Girsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Virol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900901","article-title":"Inflammasomes: their role in normal and complicated pregnancies","volume":"203","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1039\/d4lc00500g","article-title":"Placental microphysiological systems: new advances on promising platforms that mimic the microenvironment of the human placenta","volume":"25","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.009","article-title":"Zika virus NS5 targets human STAT2 to inhibit type I interferon signaling","volume":"19","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1452","article-title":"Decidual NK cells regulate key developmental processes at the human fetal-maternal interface","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15530","article-title":"Predicting placenta accreta spectrum: validation of the placenta accreta index","volume":"40","author":"Happe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1159\/000547560","article-title":"Recent progress in 2D, 3D, and on-a-chip models of the placenta","volume":"214","author":"Harrison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14123-z","article-title":"Distinctive phenotypes and functions of innate lymphoid cells in human decidua during early pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Huhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2858","article-title":"Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"10","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100141","article-title":"Microbiota during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, and its relationship with health and disease states","author":"Ibarra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.03.001","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of placentae from women with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"121","author":"Johns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00848.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"63","author":"Koga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15563","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507835102","article-title":"Human decidual NK cells form immature activating synapses and are not cytotoxic","volume":"102","author":"Kopcow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401434101","article-title":"Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier by Listeria monocytogenes: role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin","volume":"101","author":"Lecuit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101030","article-title":"Role of non-human primate models in accelerating research and developing countermeasures against Zika virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00610-y","article-title":"Infections at the maternal-fetal interface: An overview of pathogenesis and defence","volume":"20","author":"Megli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.01.004","article-title":"Zika virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism","volume":"21","author":"Miner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1704346","article-title":"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA peptides differentially recognized by IgG of multigravidae through epitope excision","volume":"16","author":"Misal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68107","article-title":"Uterine NK cells: Active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"124","author":"Moffett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103811","article-title":"Roles of human trophoblasts\u2019 pattern recognition receptors in host defense and pregnancy complications","volume":"156","author":"Motomura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.05.057","article-title":"MicroRNAs in placental health and disease","volume":"213","author":"Mouillet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.18.629158","article-title":"Diminished placental Factor XIIIA1 expression associates with pre-conception antiretroviral treatment and preterm birth in pregnant people living with HIV","author":"Ojwach","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.947335","article-title":"A review of emerging viral pathogens and current concerns for vertical transmission of infection","volume":"30","author":"Parums","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00030-18","article-title":"Advancing our understanding of protective maternal immunity as a guide for development of vaccines to reduce congenital cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"92","author":"Permar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08631-6","article-title":"Placental network differences among obstetric syndromes identified with an integrated multiomics approach","volume":"8","author":"Piekos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0137","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of TORCH infections among 1.7 million women of childbearing age in rural China: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"105","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika virus infects human placental macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"127","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02628","article-title":"Hofbauer cells: Their role in healthy and complicated pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.11.006","article-title":"Pathogens and the placental fortress","volume":"15","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(07)70022-1","article-title":"Malaria in pregnancy: pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"7","author":"Rogerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155308","article-title":"The epidemiology of syphilis worldwide in the last decade","volume":"14","author":"Rosset","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11462","article-title":"Pregnancy imprints regulatory memory that sustains anergy to fetal antigen","volume":"490","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0484-5","article-title":"An orthogonal proteomic survey uncovers novel Zika virus host factors","volume":"561","author":"Scaturro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0029-sa","article-title":"Placental tissue destruction and insufficiency from COVID-19 causes stillbirth and neonatal death from hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"146","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa184","article-title":"Placental pathology in COVID-19","volume":"155","author":"Shanes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4788","article-title":"A single-cell survey of the human first-trimester placenta and decidua","volume":"4","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-019-00676-7","article-title":"Tabata training: one of the most energetically effective high-intensity intermittent training methods","volume":"69","author":"Tabata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiological Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.002","article-title":"Zika virus targets different primary human placental cells, suggesting two routes for vertical transmission","volume":"20","author":"Tabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"248","article-title":"An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Model."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2024-00133","article-title":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics: discovery of human placental development and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2026.2616102","article-title":"Intrauterine interventions for severe fetal anemia due to parvovirus B19 national outbreak","volume":"39","author":"Tenenbaum-Gavish","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200891","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5737","article-title":"Evidence for a selective migration of fetus-specific CD4+ CD25bright regulatory T cells from the peripheral blood to the decidua in human pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0579","article-title":"Prevalence of maternal Chagas disease and vertical transmission rates in Bolivia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Tinajeros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","article-title":"Trophoblast organoids as a model for maternal-fetal interactions","volume":"564","author":"Turco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.163428","article-title":"Development of the human placenta","volume":"146","author":"Turco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0698-6","article-title":"Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans","volume":"563","author":"Vento-Tormo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01296-17","article-title":"APOBEC3A is upregulated by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the maternal-fetal interface, acting as an innate anti-HCMV effector","volume":"91","author":"Weisblum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21926","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based proteomics technologies to define endogenous protein-protein interactions and their applications to cancer and viral infectious diseases","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003821","article-title":"Placental syncytium forms a biophysical barrier against pathogen invasion","volume":"9","author":"Zeldovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1817189\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:33:13Z","timestamp":1780896793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1817189\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1817189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1817189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"article-number":"1817189"}}