{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:39:33Z","timestamp":1789331973555,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a critical ESKAPE pathogen with rapidly escalating resistance to last\u2212line antibiotics, for which phages and their derived endolysins have emerged as promising alternatives. Phages specifically recognize bacterial surface structures, including capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with their depolymerases degrading these barriers and disrupting biofilms to attenuate virulence. In parallel, endolysins directly cleave the peptidoglycan layer to induce rapid bacterial lysis. Animal model studies confirm that both phages and endolysins effectively reduce\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    burden and improve host survival, with efficacy markedly enhanced when combined with antibiotics or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Although narrow host range and potential resistance evolution remain challenges, strategies such as phage cocktails, \u201cphage training\u201d, and combination therapies (e.g., phage-antibiotic, phage-AMP, and endolysin-antibiotic combinations) have shown broad application prospects. This review details the antibacterial actions of phages and endolysins against\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including their mechanisms, anti\u2212biofilm activity, and therapeutic potential in combination therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1819965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:10:09Z","timestamp":1777443009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phage and endolysin-based inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae: from mechanisms to combination therapies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yaojia","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University (Yuyao People\u2019s Hospital), Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieting","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University (Yuyao People\u2019s Hospital), Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xibang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University (Yuyao People\u2019s Hospital), Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University (Yuyao People\u2019s Hospital), Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University (Yuyao People\u2019s Hospital), Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002139","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002139","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Duplodnaviria 2025","volume":"106","author":"Adriaenssens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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