{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:13:45Z","timestamp":1779257625334,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate whether the temperature regulatory factor of\n                      <jats:italic>Trichophyton schoenleinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>T. schoenleinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is involved in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the regulation of related signaling pathways and to elucidate the unique pathogenesis of tinea capitis in Xinjiang.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T. schoenleinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (strain 30076) isolated from patients with favus was subjected to heat stress at 42\u00a0\u00b0C and 37\u00a0\u00b0C, with normal temperature (27\u00a0\u00b0C) used as a control. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed. A key temperature regulatory factor was screened, and a silencing strain was constructed. THP-1 cells were treated with a ROS inhibitor, a cathepsin inhibitor, high potassium, or RNA interference targeting NLRP3 and ASC and then infected with the wild-type or strains. The expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 was detected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differentially expressed genes under heat stress were enriched in metabolic pathways and heat shock protein-related genes. TRINITY_DN3793_c0_g1 was identified as a temperature regulatory factor.\n                      <jats:italic>T. schoenleinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      induced the expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and NLRP3-related molecules in THP-1 cells, a process regulated by ROS, cathepsin, and potassium efflux. The temperature regulatory factor participated in but was not the sole requirement for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The expression of related factors and ASC oligomerization were significantly lower in the silenced strain group than in the wild-type group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increased thermal stress causes severe mycelial damage in\n                      <jats:italic>T. schoenleinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Transcriptomics identifies TRINITY_DN3793_c0_g1 as a key temperature regulator. Infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via ROS, cathepsin B, and potassium efflux, promoting IL-1\u03b2\/IL-18 secretion and ASC oligomerization. This regulator participates but is not essential for inflammasome activation. Findings reveal molecular links between temperature adaptation and pathogenicity, offering insights into tinea capitis pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1823190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:46:25Z","timestamp":1779255985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study of the temperature-related factors that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in Trichophyton schoenleinii and their activation mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kaidiliya","family":"Aimilajiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingshuo","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palida","family":"Abulizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, Xinjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaf140","article-title":"Contribution of particle-induced lysosome membrane permeabilization to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial ROS production","volume":"208","author":"Albright","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13246","article-title":"Host immune responses in dermatophytes infection","volume":"64","author":"Celestrino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2024.2364884","article-title":"Systemic effects of heat stress on poultry performances, transcriptomics, epigenetics and metabolomics, along with potential mitigation strategies","volume":"80","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"World's Poultry Sci. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116572","article-title":"MEK1\/2 promote ROS production and deubiquitinate NLRP3 independent of ERK1\/2 during NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"230","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00462-9","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: contributions to inflammation-related diseases","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03226-x","article-title":"Application of RNA-seq for single nucleotide variation identification in a cohort of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Chumakova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13751","article-title":"Epidemiologic features and therapeutic strategies of kerion: a nationwide multicenter study","volume":"67","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345184","DOI":"10.22034\/CMM.2024.345232.1535","article-title":"Northwest Iranian dermatophyte isolates: anthropophilic and geophilic","volume":"10","author":"Diba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.656548","article-title":"The heat shock transcription factor HsfA is essential for thermotolerance and regulates cell wall integrity in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"12","author":"Fabri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001321","article-title":"The prevalence of dermatophytoses in Brazil: a systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Fillipe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab322","article-title":"The monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 influences thermotolerance, cell wall integrity, and Mpk1 signaling in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231151692","article-title":"NLRP3 disturbs Treg\/Th17 cell balance to aggravate apical periodontitis","volume":"102","author":"Leng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-024-00899-2","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of 32,786 culture-positive dermatophytosis cases in Hangzhou from 2018 to 2023","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/iFungi.2026.9670004","article-title":"Chinese experts consensus on the management of uncommon dermatophytosis","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"iFungi"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13102","article-title":"Adult tinea capitis in China: a retrospective analysis from 2000 to 2019","volume":"63","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/iFungi.2026.9670003","article-title":"Analysis of public health risks associated with pathogenic fungi in China","author":"Miao","year":"2026","journal-title":"iFungi"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13360","article-title":"A multicentric clinical and epidemiological study of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis in India","volume":"65","author":"Shenoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04365-4","article-title":"Biflavonoid methylchamaejasmin and Khaya grandifoliola extract inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cell model of neuroinflammation","volume":"62","author":"Owona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136230","article-title":"Hidden pathogen risk in mature compost: low optimal growth temperature confers pathogen survival and activity during manure composting","volume":"480","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2025.2609382","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies as risk factors for incidence and treatment response of tinea capitis in children: a prospective clinical cohort study","volume":"137","author":"Seetan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa009","article-title":"Genetic contribution to high temperature tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"217","author":"Stempinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16386","article-title":"Change in dominant genotype of Microsporum canis, a causative fungus of zoonotic dermatophytosis, in Japan over the past 40 years","volume":"49","author":"Takashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10201-024-00765-6","article-title":"Thermal tolerance of larvae of seven Chironomus species and upregulation of heat shock protein-coding genes in Chironomus sulfurosus","volume":"26","author":"Tettey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28227639","article-title":"Vitexin regulates heat shock protein expression by modulating ROS levels thereby protecting against heat-stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.029","article-title":"Potassium ion efflux induces exaggerated mitochondrial damage and non-pyroptotic necrosis when energy metabolism is blocked","volume":"212","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115865","article-title":"Endophytic fungi improved wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi by decreasing its feeding efficiency and population fitness","volume":"270","author":"Yingying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00762-w","article-title":"The epidemiology of tinea capitis in Guangxi Province, China","volume":"188","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.70008","article-title":"Development and clinical detection of rapid molecular diagnostic system for pathogenic dermatophytes of tinea capitis of multiple centres in China","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-02980-8","article-title":"Sociodemographic trends and financial burden of emergency department visits due to dermatophytosis in the United States","volume":"316","author":"Z. M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1823190\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:46:26Z","timestamp":1779255986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1823190\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1823190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1823190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1823190"}}