{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:07:12Z","timestamp":1789103232871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental biofilms are associated with oral diseases such as periodontitis, peri-implantitis, halitosis, and tooth decay. These diseases are characterized by dysbiosis, an imbalance between the host and microbiome. Current treatments rely on the mechanical removal of the biofilm and suppressing the microbiome with broad spectrum antimicrobials. However, the antimicrobial componentseliminate bacteria nonselectively, which can also harm beneficial commensalbacteria. Pro-microbial strategies, particularly probiotics, hold promise forrebalancing the oral microbiome toward a symbiotic state rather than eradicatingit.\n                      <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      is one of the most researched strains for modulating the oral microbiome. However, uncertainties persist, particularly regarding the impact of toothpastes on probiotic survival and efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments assessed the effects of selected toothpastes on\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      viability, adhesion to hydroxyapatite discs, and biofilm incorporation and modulation. In the\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiment, the survival of\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      was evaluated in saliva samples collected from ten volunteers after brushing with the selected toothpastes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results demonstrated that the antimicrobial effect of the selected toothpastes on the probiotics was concentration and strain dependent. The adhesion of probiotics to hydroxyapatite discs was inhibited by some toothpastes. However, compared with the control, the toothpastes did not influence\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization within multi-species biofilms and, additionally, did not influence the effect of the probiotics on multi-species biofilm composition. Saliva taken after brushing with a specific toothpaste did not decrease the probiotic viability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , colonization and biofilm modulation by probiotics are dependent on the toothpaste used. The survival of the probiotic in saliva was not affected by the toothpaste\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1829275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:33:14Z","timestamp":1789101194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compatibility of toothpastes with probiotics for periodontal health: an in vitro and ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mehraveh","family":"Saghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University (UGent), Centre for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)","place":["Gent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wannes","family":"Van Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiera","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"name":"Menoufia University, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy","place":["Shibin El-Kom, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalina","family":"Lauwens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University (UGent), Centre for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET)","place":["Gent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel","family":"Bernaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS)","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Teughels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"name":"Universiti Malaya, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-017-0159-6","article-title":"Use of probiotics and oral health","volume":"4","author":"Allaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oral. Health Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00614-5","article-title":"Probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in periodontitis treatment-reality or illusion-a clinical perspective","volume":"10","author":"Baddouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8651","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4473","article-title":"The strategic role of biotics in dental caries prevention: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Banakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00350.x","article-title":"Microbial shift and periodontitis","volume":"55","author":"Berezow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral biofilms: Pathogens, matrix, and polymicrobial interactions in microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3624-5","article-title":"Are probiotics a possible treatment of periodontitis? Probiotics against periodontal disease: a systematic review","author":"Canut-Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0124-3","article-title":"Oral biofilms exposure to chlorhexidine results in altered microbial composition and metabolic profile","volume":"6","author":"Chatzigiannidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12014-007-9000-x","article-title":"Proteomic studies of saliva: A proposal for a standardized handling of clinical samples","volume":"3","author":"Chevalier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Proteomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1668943","article-title":"The efficacy of lactic acid bacteria-based toothpaste on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Oral. Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00587","article-title":"Resistance toward chlorhexidine in oral bacteria \u2013 is there cause for concern","volume":"10","author":"Cieplik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7461047","article-title":"Experimental models of oral biofilms developed on inert substrates: a review of the literature","volume":"2016","author":"Darrene","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03467-12","article-title":"Comparative genomic and functional analysis of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains marketed as probiotics","volume":"79","author":"Douillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509351812","article-title":"Oral biofilms: Emerging concepts in microbial ecology","volume":"89","author":"Filoche","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001314","article-title":"The evolution of host specialization in the vertebrate gut symbiont Lactobacillus reuteri","volume":"7","author":"Frese","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Genet."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111501","article-title":"The variability of the salivary antimicrobial peptide profile: Impact of lifestyle","volume":"25","author":"Gallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000494146","article-title":"The human salivary antimicrobial peptide profile according to the oral microbiota in health, periodontitis and smoking","volume":"11","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0110","article-title":"A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents","volume":"137","author":"Gunsolley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Dental Assoc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73292-w","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289 ameliorates chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70114","article-title":"Postbiotics and dental caries: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Heidari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12534","article-title":"Clinical concentrations of peroxidases cause dysbiosis in in vitro oral biofilms","volume":"53","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38179","article-title":"Dysbiosis by neutralizing commensal mediated inhibition of pathobionts","volume":"6","author":"Herrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01914.x","article-title":"Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus reuteri \u2010containing tablets on the subgingival and salivary microbiota in patients with gingivitis. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Iniesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.70033","article-title":"Can we combine mouthrinses with probiotics? An evaluation of their compatibility and combined therapy on oral biofilms","volume":"61","author":"Lauwens","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with periodontal disease","author":"Lovegrove","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. N. Z. Soc Periodontol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12679","article-title":"Dental biofilm: ecological interactions in health and disease","volume":"44","author":"Marsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03641-9","article-title":"Oral microbial biofilms: an update","volume":"38","author":"Mosaddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00757","article-title":"Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in human health and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-011-0648-2","article-title":"Plaque-left-behind after brushing: intra-oral reservoir for antibacterial toothpaste ingredients","volume":"16","author":"Otten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5794-5804.2001","article-title":"Mutualism versus independence: Strategies of mixed-species oral biofilms in vitro using saliva as the sole nutrient source","volume":"69","author":"Palmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060339","article-title":"The additional effect of a dentifrice on the instant efficacy of toothbrushing: a crossover study","volume":"78","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.b3601691","article-title":"Salivary flow rate during toothbrushing","volume":"20","author":"Pulfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral. Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431643","article-title":"Probiotic significance of Lactobacillus strains: a comprehensive review on health impacts, research gaps, and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.17-0437","article-title":"Oral prebiotics and the influence of environmental conditions in vitro","volume":"89","author":"Slomka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2002.00004.x","article-title":"Selection of antimicrobial agents in periodontal therapy","volume":"37","author":"Slots","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.05.016","article-title":"The structure of dental plaque microbial communities in the transition from health to dental caries and periodontal disease","volume":"431","author":"Valm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00370-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of known and novel probiotics on in vitro periodontitis biofilms","volume":"9","author":"Van Holm","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44822-y","article-title":"Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adaptation in selected oral pathogens in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Verspecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12937","article-title":"Differences in chlorhexidine mouthrinses formulations influence the quantitative and qualitative changes in in-vitro oral biofilms","volume":"57","author":"Zayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0674","article-title":"How well do antimicrobial mouth rinses prevent dysbiosis in an in vitro periodontitis biofilm model","volume":"95","author":"Zayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1829275\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:33:21Z","timestamp":1789101201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1829275\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1829275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1829275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"article-number":"1829275"}}