{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:18:59Z","timestamp":1787548739757,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019413","name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Fund Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Tinea corporis is a common superficial fungal infection associated with skin microbiota dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the microbial community structure in lesional and peri-lesional skin of tinea corporis patients and to evaluate the antifungal activity of a probiotic\n Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n strain against dermatophytes and\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty skin-scraping samples were collected from 25 tinea corporis patients (paired lesional and adjacent non-lesional samples). Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA (V3\u2013V4) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, respectively. An antifungal\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n YM-4-3 strain was isolated, and its cell-free supernatant was assessed for antifungal activity, stability, and minimum inhibitory concentrations against\n Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n . Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and quantitative PCR were employed to investigate ultrastructural damage and bacteriocin-related gene expression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n At the phylum level, Proteobacteria (64.6%), Actinobacteria (18.4%), and Firmicutes (15.2%) dominated bacterial communities, whereas Basidiomycota (57.4%) and Ascomycota (42.3%) accounted for 99.7% of fungal reads. Genus-level profiling revealed that\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n were abundant at both sites, yet\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n was significantly enriched adjacent to lesions (2.6% vs. 0.6%). Among fungi,\n Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Trichophyton<\/jats:italic>\n prevailed, with\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n more abundant in lesions. The\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n YM-4-3 cell-free supernatant exhibited the strongest inhibition against\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n when grown in MRS with 2.0% NaCl, reaching pH 4.06 after 12 h co-culture. SEM showed the supernatant disrupted the cell wall and membrane of\n T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n . qPCR indicated a 7.5-fold up-regulation of the bacteriocin gene plnJK under 2.0% NaCl. Ketoconazole (MIC &lt; 1 \u03bcg\/mL) and terbinafine (MIC 1\u20132 \u03bcg\/mL) were highly active against T. rubrum, while amphotericin B (MIC &lt; 1 \u03bcg\/mL) was most effective against C. albicans. Although the concentrated L. plantarum YM-4-3 supernatant had higher MICs (64\u2013128 mg\/mL), inhibition rates exceeded 87%, declining with increased salinity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings reveal distinct microbial signatures associated with tinea corporis and demonstrate the salt-dependent antifungal potential of\n L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n YM-4-3. This study provides a theoretical basis for novel antifungal probiotic formulations and offers a new strategy to circumvent adverse effects and resistance associated with conventional antifungal therapies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1839198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:23:17Z","timestamp":1787545397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial community structure in tinea corporis and antifungal activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YM-4\u20133 strain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"En","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningnan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"537","article-title":"In-vitro activity of 10 antifungal agents against 320 dermatophyte strains using microdilution method in Tehran","volume":"12","author":"Adimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. 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