{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:00:04Z","timestamp":1781244004780,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most common cause of chronic gastric mucosal infections worldwide. The current global\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection rate is estimated at 50%. Untreated\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization may lead to gastritis, peptic ulcers, and malignancies such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and gastric cancer.\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    grows in the gastric mucosa by modulating host immunity, and can trigger a strong host immune response. The interaction between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    and host immune defenses is complex, and the bacterium induces a gastric mucosal immunosuppressive microenvironment through multiple pathways to achieve colonization. This review analyzes the mechanisms involved in\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenic and immune evasion mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of identifying new therapeutic targets and developing effective treatment strategies to address the significant increase in the global prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibiotic resistance. The review further discusses the synergistic status of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunotherapy and antibiotic therapy and potential strategies for eradicating\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1839480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T05:48:31Z","timestamp":1781243311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progress in immunotherapy for Helicobacter pylori infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wane","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Xianxiang Branch, The Second Hospital of Yinzhou District","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian-xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17070","article-title":"Clinical trial: seven-day vonoprazan- versus 14-day proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapy for first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"56","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacol. 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