{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:04:17Z","timestamp":1789535057129,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meningitis remains a serious threat to human health; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition, particularly those related to macrophage involvement, have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify macrophage-associated hub genes in meningitis and to assess their diagnostic value and associations with immune cell infiltration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Immune cell infiltration was estimated using the CIBERSORT algorithm (Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts). Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify key modules associated with classically activated (M1) macrophages. Hub genes were subsequently screened through integration of the protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network with machine learning algorithms, including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, support vector machine\u2013recursive feature elimination, and random forest algorithms. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves and construction of a nomogram. Experimental validation was subsequently performed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and flow cytometry in peripheral blood samples obtained from individuals with meningitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 292 DEGs were identified, including 195 upregulated genes and 97 downregulated genes. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated significantly increased proportions of M1 macrophages and activated dendritic cells in samples obtained from the meningitis group. Integrated analysis combining WGCNA, the PPI network, and machine learning methods identified\n                      <jats:italic>HBEGF<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>EREG<\/jats:italic>\n                      as hub genes. Both genes were significantly upregulated in individuals with meningitis, and the combined diagnostic area under the curve reached 0.922. Experimental validation confirmed elevated messenger RNA and protein expression levels of\n                      <jats:italic>HBEGF<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>EREG<\/jats:italic>\n                      in peripheral blood samples from individuals with meningitis. An increased proportion of M1 macrophages was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>HBEGF<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>EREG<\/jats:italic>\n                      were identified as key genes associated with M1 macrophage infiltration in meningitis. These genes may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for meningitis and provide clues for exploring future therapeutic targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1839548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:30:26Z","timestamp":1789533026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated multi-omics analysis and experimental validation identify hub genes with diagnostic value in meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anwaier","family":"Apizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikebaier","family":"Tuerhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paiheriding","family":"Kamilijiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Feng","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Xia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416201796","article-title":"Rheumatoid meningitis","volume":"73","author":"Abe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001016","article-title":"Meningitis","volume":"27","author":"Aksamit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyad031","article-title":"The gene ontology knowledgebase in 2023","volume":"224","author":"Aleksander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.923125","article-title":"Etiology, clinical phenotypes, epidemiological correlates, laboratory biomarkers and diagnostic challenges of pediatric viral meningitis: Descriptive review","volume":"10","author":"Al-Qahtani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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