{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:47:44Z","timestamp":1782712064573,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.55776\/PAT5452224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.55776\/PAT5452224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ocular infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains the leading infectious cause of preventable blindness worldwide. While antibiotic-based strategies have significantly reduced disease burden, sustained control in endemic regions still relies on repeated treatments, highlighting the need for complementary, locally acting approaches that reduce treatment burden and systemic exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We evaluated a lignin-based biomaterial formulation, dehydrogenation polymer lignin in alginate (DHP\/Alg), in ocular systems\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Anti-chlamydial activity was first assessed in human ocular epithelial (IM-HConEpiC) cells infected with\n                      <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar B.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy was then tested in a guinea pig model of ocular infection using\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia caviae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Bacterial burden was quantified by qPCR and by enumeration of chlamydial inclusions in cell culture, while disease progression was monitored using clinical pathology scoring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DHP\/Alg treatment significantly reduced chlamydial inclusion numbers in ocular epithelial cells\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a dose-dependent manner without inducing cytotoxicity. In contrast, no reduction in bacterial load was observed\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      at any time point. However, a transient improvement in pathology scores was detected in animals receiving a high infectious dose, suggesting an effect on host responses rather than direct bacterial clearance. Both qPCR and culture-based measurements yielded consistent results across treatment groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that, although DHP\/Alg retains anti-chlamydial activity\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , these effects did not translate into a measurable reduction in bacterial burden\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      under the conditions tested. Instead, the formulation appears to reduce disease severity, particularly at high pathogen loads. Together, these observations suggest that lignin-based biomaterials may exert their effects primarily at the host\u2013pathogen interface and support further investigation of their use as locally acting adjuncts to, rather than replacements for, conventional antibiotic therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1843021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:38:53Z","timestamp":1782711533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lignin\/alginate biomaterials as a promising complementary approach in ocular chlamydial infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u2013 Torlak","place":["Belgrade, 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