{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T05:14:25Z","timestamp":1783314865920,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The source of bacteria detected in cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) pockets\u2014whether true colonisation or intraoperative contamination\u2014has significant implications for infection prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To compare intraoperative microbial dynamics during\n                      <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      pacemaker implantation versus generator replacement using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective study, samples were collected from 18 asymptomatic patients (11 new implants, seven replacements) at three timepoints: skin before incision (T1), pocket after creation (T2), and pocket before closure (T3). Microbiome analysis was performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 region. \u03b1-diversity (Simpson index) and \u03b2-diversity (Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity) were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microbial community composition and relative abundance were similar between groups at all timepoints. Predominant genera included A\n                      <jats:italic>chromobacter, Pedobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Blastococcus, and Paracoccus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . No significant differences in \u03b1- or \u03b2-diversity were found between new and replacement groups at T2 and T3. The only significant difference was a higher \u03b1-diversity at T1 (skin) in the new implantation group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.037), likely reflecting age-related skin flora differences. No patient developed a clinical infection during follow-up (mean 9.4 \u00b1 1.8 months).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The absence of distinct microbial signatures in replacement pockets and the prevalence of environmental bacteria strongly suggest that detected microorganisms originate from intraoperative contamination. This underscores the paramount importance of rigorous aseptic technique over surveillance for colonization in preventing CIED infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1843081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T04:21:14Z","timestamp":1783311674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Similar intraoperative microbiomes in de novo and replacement cardiac implantable electronic device pockets support transient contamination over stable colonisation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Medical Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Research Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Heart Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Medical Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Research Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Heart Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezeng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Medical Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Research Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Heart Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Medical Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Research Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Heart Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Medical Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Cardiovascular Research Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Heart Centre","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06198","article-title":"The equilibria that allow bacterial persistence in human hosts","volume":"449","author":"Blaser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup402","article-title":"Positive cultures in asymptomatic patients during elective device replacement: a murderer hides in the darkness or an innocent person on the crime scene","volume":"1","author":"Didier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2022-0072","article-title":"Comparison of four DNA extraction kits efficiency for 16SrDNA microbiota profiling of diverse human samples","volume":"9","author":"Gall-David","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Sci. 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