{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:03:15Z","timestamp":1785499395478,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016079","name":"Science and Technology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016079","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011135","name":"Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the major treponemal species associated with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), a contagious infectious hoof disease that causes lameness, reduced productivity, impaired animal welfare, and substantial economic losses in dairy and beef cattle worldwide. Since BDD was first described in 1974, the disease has been reported in many cattle-producing countries, and molecular studies have consistently identified BDD-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. medium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>T. pedis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in active lesions. However, BDD is a polymicrobial disease, and the precise role of\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a primary pathogen, opportunistic colonizer, or contributor to lesion persistence remains incompletely resolved. This review summarizes current knowledge of the biological characteristics, global epidemiology, host range, pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, diagnostic approaches, and prevention and control strategies related to\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Particular attention is given to culture requirements, lesion-stage progression, immune modulation, antigenic variation, candidate vaccine antigens, and recurrence after treatment. Current evidence suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    may contribute to chronic inflammation and lesion recurrence through tissue-associated persistence, host immune modulation, and interactions with other lesion-associated microorganisms. In China, systematic epidemiological data and confirmed local isolates remain limited, which restricts strain-level characterization and evidence-based control. Future studies should integrate culture-based isolation, molecular surveillance, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and vaccine-oriented antigen validation to clarify the role of\n                    <jats:italic>T. phagedenis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in BDD and improve disease prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1843191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:40:37Z","timestamp":1785498037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treponema phagedenis in bovine digital dermatitis: biology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control strategies: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.728691","article-title":"Diagnosis of bovine digital dermatitis: Exploring the usefulness of indirect ELISA","volume":"8","author":"Afonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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