{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:01:16Z","timestamp":1781154076928,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBAA 0834CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBAA 0834CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021778","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2016\u20104420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016\u20104420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009082","name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80020220300143CC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80020220300143CC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    R\u00edo Negro virus (RNV), an enzootic member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) complex, has historically been regarded as avirulent based on studies in adult immunocompetent animals. However, its pathogenic potential under biologically relevant conditions has not been systematically examined. Here, we investigated RNV infection in infant C57BL\/6 mice as a permissive developmental model. Infection resulted in a transient viremic phase followed by systemic dissemination, disruption of splenic immune architecture, and pronounced neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative alterations in the central nervous system. Viral replication in brain tissue coincided with astrocyte activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, indicating the establishment of immunopathological processes. These findings demonstrate that RNV retains the capacity to induce systemic and neuroinvasive disease under conditions of developmental immune immaturity. Our study provides the first comprehensive\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    characterization of RNV pathogenesis and supports the need to consider this enzootic alphavirus within the broader context of VEEV-complex viruses potentially associated with underrecognized febrile disease in endemic regions, particularly in light of the recent report of a clinically apparent and molecularly confirmed human infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1845208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:37:58Z","timestamp":1781152678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["R\u00edo Negro virus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex) shows pathogenic potential in a permissive murine model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luciana A.","family":"Fassola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas\/Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamila","family":"Gazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda D.","family":"Martin Molinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica \u201cRanwel Caputto\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica de C\u00f3rdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soledad","family":"De Olmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda F.","family":"Triquell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Histolog\u00eda y Embriolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Degano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica \u201cRanwel Caputto\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica de C\u00f3rdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianela C.","family":"Serradell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas\/Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Rivarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. JM Vanella\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio R.","family":"Oms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica e Inmunolog\u00eda (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta S.","family":"Contigiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. JM Vanella\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Gruppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Cl\u00ednica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Albrieu-Llin\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Inmunolog\u00eda y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas\/Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.50","article-title":"Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella","volume":"6","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Approaches to determine expression of inflammatory cytokines","volume-title":"Inflammation and cancer, methods in molecular biology","author":"Amsen","year":"2009"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04063-5","article-title":"Galectin-3 deficiency drives lupus-like disease by promoting spontaneous germinal centers formation via IFN-\u03b3","volume":"9","author":"Beccaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020016","article-title":"Specific remodeling of splenic architecture by cytomegalovirus","volume":"2","author":"Benedict","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030465","article-title":"Mayaro virus infects human brain cells and induces a potent antiviral response in human astrocytes","volume":"13","author":"Bengue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00264","article-title":"NMDA-antagonist MK-801-induced neuronal degeneration in Wistar rat brain detected by the Amino-Cupric-Silver method","volume":"54","author":"Bueno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0980","article-title":"Genomic characterization and seroprevalence studies on alphaviruses in Uruguay","volume":"98","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02960-1","article-title":"Post-exposure intranasal IFN\u03b1 suppresses replication and neuroinvasion of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus within olfactory sensory neurons","volume":"21","author":"Cain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.956","article-title":"Arbovirus investigations in Argentina 1977-1980. III. Identification and characterization of viruses isolated, including new subtypes of western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and four new bunyaviruses (Las Maloyas, Resistencia, Barranqueras, and Antequera)","volume":"34","author":"Calisher","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.041251","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of spiny rats","volume":"11","author":"Carrara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0878","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and immune modulation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-induced disease in the mouse","volume":"284","author":"Charles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1197","article-title":"Mechanism of neuroinvasion of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the mouse","volume":"208","author":"Charles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040442","article-title":"Experimental Everglades virus infection of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)","volume":"10","author":"Coffey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"119","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n bioqu\u00edmica y biol\u00f3gica de cepas del virus del complejo encefalitis equina Venezolana (familia Togaviridae)","volume":"12","author":"Contigiani","year":"1999","journal-title":"An. Fund A. Roemmers"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"345","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the virulence of viral subpopulations derived from an attenuated strain of Junin virus","volume":"29","author":"Contigiani","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.125","article-title":"The use of a neonatal mouse model to study respiratory syncytial virus infections","volume":"8","author":"Cormier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infective Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040029","article-title":"A mouse model for Chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-I interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease","volume":"4","author":"Couderc","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.862","article-title":"Intestinal threshold of an enzootic strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus mosquitoes and its implications to vector competency and vertebrate amplifying hosts","volume":"30","author":"Cupp","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.619","article-title":"Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses","volume":"35","author":"Cupp","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00694-z","article-title":"Targeting interferon-\u03b3 in hyperinflammation: opportunities and challenges","volume":"17","author":"De Benedetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1421571","article-title":"Unraveling the complex interplay: immunopathology and immune evasion strategies of alphaviruses with emphasis on neurological implications","volume":"14","author":"De Oliveira Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(94)90033-7","article-title":"Use of an amino-cupric-silver technique for the detection of early and semiacute neuronal degeneration caused by neurotoxicants, hypoxia, and physical trauma","volume":"16","author":"De Olmos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3189-6_4","article-title":"Silver methods for the impregnation of degenerating axoplasm","volume-title":"Neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods","author":"De Olmos","year":"1981"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.329","article-title":"Ten clinical cases of human infection with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, subtype I-D","volume":"28","author":"Dietz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.05023-11","article-title":"Viral quasispecies evolution","volume":"76","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-125-32194","article-title":"A plaque neutralization method for arboviruses","volume":"125","author":"Earley","year":"1967","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030215","article-title":"Can bats serve as reservoirs for arboviruses","volume":"11","author":"Fagre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B500","article-title":"The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Franklin","year":"2007"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020417","article-title":"Arboviruses in mammals in the neotropics: a systematic review to strengthen epidemiological monitoring strategies and conservation medicine","volume":"15","author":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641261","article-title":"Common dysregulation of innate immunity pathways in human primary astrocytes infected with Chikungunya, Mayaro, Oropouche, and Zika viruses","volume":"11","author":"Geddes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813485099","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","volume":"50","author":"Gibson-Corley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9128","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9128-9133.2005","article-title":"Envelope glycoprotein mutations mediate equine amplification and virulence of epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"79","author":"Greene","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-9326-6_4","article-title":"Age-dependent susceptibility to fatal encephalitis: alphavirus infection of neurons","volume-title":"Positive-strand RNA viruses","author":"Griffin","year":"1994"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008338","article-title":"Ecological processes underlying the emergence of novel enzootic cycles: arboviruses in the neotropics as a case study","volume":"14","author":"Guth","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00360-4","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: the problem is not over for tropical America","volume":"19","author":"Guzm\u00e1n-Ter\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S482","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw284","article-title":"Animal models of Chikungunya virus infection and disease","volume":"214","author":"Haese","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa078","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26232","article-title":"The cytokine storm and COVID\u201019","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589102800509","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection in mice and hamsters","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043514","article-title":"Immune functions of astrocytes in viral neuroinfections","volume":"24","author":"Jorga\u010devski","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.133","article-title":"Viral subversion of B cell responses within secondary lymphoid organs","volume":"18","author":"Kuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.96.1.49","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. I. Infection in suckling mice","volume":"96","author":"Kundin","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11688","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.22.11688-11703.2002","article-title":"Age-dependent resistance to lethal alphavirus encephalitis in mice: analysis of gene expression in the central nervous system and identification of a novel interferon-inducible protective gene, mouse ISG12","volume":"76","author":"Labrada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau6085","article-title":"Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.49","article-title":"Comparative neurovirulence of attenuated and non-attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in mice","volume":"64","author":"Ludwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.221885","article-title":"Rio Negro virus infection, Bolivia 2021","volume":"29","author":"Mafayle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00237","article-title":"CpG oligonucleotides protect mice from alphavirus encephalitis: role of NK cells, interferons, and TNF","volume":"11","author":"Manangeeswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.945","article-title":"Arbovirus investigations in Argentina 1977-1980. II. Arthropod collections and virus isolations from Argentine mosquitoes","volume":"34","author":"Mitchell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020269","article-title":"Alphavirus identification in neotropical bats","volume":"14","author":"Moreira Marrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.6.1117","article-title":"Susceptibility of Ae. aEgypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epidemic (Subtype IC) and enzootic (Subtypes ID, IIIC, IIID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphaviruses","volume":"45","author":"Ortiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.021","article-title":"Production of IL-8, IL-17, IFN-gamma and IP-10 in human astrocytes correlates with alphavirus attenuation","volume":"163","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061307","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1, chemokines, and leukocyte infiltrate are biomarkers for pathology in the brains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEEV)-infected mice","volume":"15","author":"Phelps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03219-15","article-title":"Entry sites of Venezuelan and Western equine encephalitis viruses in the mouse central nervous system following peripheral infection","volume":"90","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02541.x","article-title":"Cocirculation of Rio Negro virus (RNV) and Pixuna virus (PIXV) in Tucum\u00e1n province, Argentina: RNV and PIXV in Tucum\u00e1n province, Argentina","volume":"15","author":"Pisano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002551","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV) in Argentina: Serological evidence of human infection","volume":"7","author":"Pisano","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Negl.Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000100017","article-title":"First detection of Rio Negro virus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex subtype VI) in C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","volume":"107","author":"Pisano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01181","article-title":"Neuronal degeneration in mice induced by an epidemic strain of Saint Louis encephalitis virus isolated in Argentina","volume":"9","author":"Rivarola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1086\/513978","article-title":"Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in La Guajira, Colombia 1995","volume":"175","author":"Rivas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00959","article-title":"Neurological sequelae resulting from encephalitic alphavirus infection","volume":"7","author":"Ronca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16798-1","article-title":"Norovirus infection causes acute self-resolving diarrhea in wild-type neonatal mice","volume":"11","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82359-0","article-title":"Early restriction of alphavirus replication and dissemination contributes to age-dependent attenuation of systemic hyperinflammatory disease","volume":"88","author":"Ryman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020164","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular basis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis and vaccine development","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.050841","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmission and effect on pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810372508","article-title":"Review paper: Pathology of animal models of alphavirus encephalitis","volume":"47","author":"Steele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.07.012","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis","volume":"167","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01057","article-title":"The role of interleukin 6 during viral infections","volume":"10","author":"Velazquez-Salinas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"385","article-title":"Susceptibility of cynomolgus monkeys to experimental infection with arboviruses of group A (Mayaro and Mucambo), group C (Oriboca and Restan) and an unidentified arbovirus (Kwatta) originating from Surinam","volume":"20","author":"Verlinde","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.64","article-title":"Virulence and viremia characteristics of 1992 epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and closely related enzootic subtype ID strains","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis","volume":"49","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00827-23","article-title":"Deep spatial profiling of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reveals increased genetic diversity amidst neuroinflammation and cell death during brain infection","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1845208\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:38:08Z","timestamp":1781152688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1845208\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1845208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1845208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"article-number":"1845208"}}