{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:32:00Z","timestamp":1786422720615,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood eosinophilia occurs in some patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease, but its clinical significance remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical data of 199 HIV-negative patients with NTM disease from four hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were compared between patients with and without eosinophilia. Multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the independent association between peripheral blood eosinophilia and disseminated NTM disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 199 included patients, 60 had eosinophilia and 139 did not. Compared with the non-eosinophilia group, the eosinophilia group had a significantly higher proportion of disseminated disease (70.0% vs. 19.4%) and more frequently presented with systemic symptoms. Concurrent fungal infections and anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibody (AIGA) syndrome were more common in this group. Chest CT showed higher detection rates of solitary nodules\/masses, fibrotic changes, pleural effusion, and hilar lymphadenopathy in the eosinophilia group. Baseline systemic inflammatory markers and immunoglobulin levels were also significantly elevated. After anti-infective treatment, peripheral blood eosinophil counts gradually decreased and normalized within 3 months, accompanied by the resolution of clinical symptoms and a decline in inflammatory markers. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that peripheral blood eosinophilia was significantly and independently associated with disseminated NTM disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NTM patients with elevated peripheral blood eosinophils are more prone to disseminated infection with augmented systemic inflammatory and immune responses, and frequently complicated with AIGA syndrome and fungal infections. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is significantly and independently associated with disseminated NTM disease in HIV-negative patients. Elevated eosinophil levels decrease after anti-NTM treatment, accompanied by marked improvements in clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers, suggesting a potential correlation between eosinophil levels and treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1846229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:20:59Z","timestamp":1786422059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics of peripheral blood eosinophilia in nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: a multicenter comparative retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haojun","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhong","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mianluan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoneng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shudan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis, Nanning Fourth People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Nanning, Guangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix996","article-title":"Clinical significance of interferon-\u03b3 neutralizing autoantibodies against disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease","volume":"66","author":"Aoki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. An. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. America"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14261","article-title":"Protein S protects against allergic bronchial asthma by modulating Th1\/Th2 balance","volume":"75","author":"Asayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762005000900013","article-title":"Mechanisms of eosinophil cytokine release","author":"Bandeira-Melo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090196","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria-associated lung disease in hospitalized persons, United States, 1998-2005","volume":"15","author":"Billinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210469","article-title":"Eosinophils are part of the granulocyte response in tuberculosis and promote host resistance in mice","volume":"218","author":"Bohrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111144","article-title":"Rapid GPR183-mediated recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"40","author":"Bohrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111160","article-title":"Adult-onset immunodeficiency in Thailand and Taiwan","volume":"367","author":"Browne","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000003927","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, course, and outcome of patients with neutralizing anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies and disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"95","author":"Chi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000535","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00535-2020","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline","volume":"56","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.75","article-title":"Immunity by equilibrium","volume":"16","author":"Eberl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4mr1117-473r","article-title":"Eosinophils in fungal diseases: an overview","volume":"104","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac038","article-title":"The regulatory role of eosinophils in viral, bacterial, and fungal infections","volume":"209","author":"Gaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz786","article-title":"Natural history and evolution of anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand and the United States","volume":"71","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. An. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. America"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.10.002","article-title":"Identification of musculoskeletal infection with non-tuberculous mycobacterium using metagenomic sequencing","volume":"78","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infection"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12274","article-title":"T cells and adaptive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans","volume":"264","author":"Jasenosky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b19-00892","article-title":"Multiple biological aspects of eosinophils in host defense, eosinophil-associated diseases, immunoregulation, and homeostasis: is their role beneficial, detrimental, regulator, or bystander","volume":"43","author":"Kanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020074","article-title":"Airway mycosis and the regulation of type 2 immunity","volume":"6","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01172-13","article-title":"Eosinophil deficiency compromises lung defense against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"82","author":"Lilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1205225","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a seven-year follow-up study conducted in a certain tertiary hospital in Beijing","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854507","article-title":"Th1 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis: protection, pathology, and biomarkers","volume":"2015","author":"Lyadova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00008-18","article-title":"Heightened systemic levels of neutrophil and eosinophil granular proteins in pulmonary tuberculosis and reversal following treatment","volume":"86","author":"Moideen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0579-9","article-title":"An association between pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections and biomarkers of Th2-type inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02639","article-title":"Eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes in TB: what we know so far","volume":"10","author":"Prakash Babu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1051673","article-title":"Pathogen spectrum and immunotherapy in patients with anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies: a multicenter retrospective study and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00869-5","article-title":"Immunodeficiency disease spectrum in HIV-negative individuals with talaromycosis","volume":"41","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin.Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95686-0","article-title":"Talaromyces marneffei and nontuberculous mycobacteria co-infection in HIV-negative patients","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8525-4","article-title":"The eosinophil in infection","volume":"50","author":"Ravin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.03.034","article-title":"Clinical profile and treatment in hypereosinophilic syndrome variants: a pragmatic review","volume":"10","author":"Requena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. In Pract."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3341","article-title":"Eosinophils: changing perspectives in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.011","article-title":"Practical approach to the patient with hypereosinophilia","volume":"126","author":"Roufosse","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_902_20","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis & treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"152","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00170-2018","article-title":"Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement","volume":"51","author":"van Ingen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01537-0","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of anti-interferon gamma antibody-associated adult onset immunodeficiency","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin.Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01752-0","article-title":"Eosinophils promote CD8(+) T cell memory generation to potentiate anti-bacterial immunity","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1846229\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:21:01Z","timestamp":1786422061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1846229\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1846229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1846229","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"1846229"}}