{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1788140930973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, yet the pathogenic differences among co-circulating dominant clones remain poorly understood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 7.5-year surveillance study (2017\u20132024) was conducted using NTS isolates from patients with acute diarrheal illness in Huzhou, China. Quantitative IEC-6 cell-based adhesion and invasion assays, comparative genomics, transcriptomic profiling, and protein-protein interaction network analysis were integrated to compare the dominant sequence types (STs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 188 NTS isolates, 35 serotypes and 36 STs were identified. Three STs predominated: ST34 (26.1%, mainly monophasic\n                      <jats:italic>S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), ST11 (15.4%, exclusively\n                      <jats:italic>S. Enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and ST19 (13.3%, classical\n                      <jats:italic>S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). ST34 showed significantly enhanced epithelial adhesion in IEC-6 cells, whereas increased invasion was observed only in comparison with ST11 and not with ST19. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics identified an intact Gifsy-1 prophage as an ST34-specific genetic element encoding the T3SS effectors GogB and SteE\/SarA, with\n                      <jats:italic>gogB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>steE\/sarA<\/jats:italic>\n                      being the only virulence genes consistently upregulated in ST34 versus both ST11 and ST19. Protein-protein interaction network analysis positioned these effectors as peripheral components of a 14-member prophage-associated module. All 49 ST34 isolates carried the intact Gifsy-1 prophage, whereas ST19 isolates harbored only truncated versions and ST11 completely lacked this element. ST34 also carried a broad antimicrobial resistance gene repertoire, including frequent tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance determinants and sporadic detection of clinically important beta-lactamase genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings identify an intact Gifsy-1 prophage encoding GogB and SteE\/SarA as a candidate module associated with enhanced epithelial adhesion in ST34, a dominant NTS lineage with an extensive antimicrobial resistance repertoire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1849969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:24:24Z","timestamp":1784867064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal a Gifsy-1 prophage-encoded virulence module associated with enhanced epithelial adhesion of Salmonella ST34 in Huzhou, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou","place":["Huzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou","place":["Huzhou, 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