{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:56:29Z","timestamp":1784944589501,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZD0529700, 2024ZD0529704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0529700, 2024ZD0529704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MH153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fungal sensitization is a major risk factor for severe asthma and related airway diseases, spanning presentations from simple sensitization to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). To capture this spectrum, the concept of allergic fungal airway disease (AFAD) has been proposed. Animal models have been central to uncovering how fungi drive airway inflammation. Extract-based models are simple and reproducible and highlight epithelial alarm signaling and type 2 immunity, although they do not reflect chronic infection. Spore-based models using\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    more closely mimic human disease, producing mixed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and mucus plugging. Advances using clinical isolates, gene-edited fungal strains, and combined exposure systems (for example, cigarette smoke plus spores) have further improved relevance by linking fungal virulence and host factors to disease severity. This review summarizes available models, their strengths and limitations, and their utility in elucidating AFAD pathogenesis and informing therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1856761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:45:32Z","timestamp":1779943532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Animal models of fungus-related allergic airway disease: exposures, readouts, mechanisms, and translational gaps"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruichen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peize","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Microvascular Aging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64867-5","article-title":"Stat6-deficient mice develop airway hyperresponsiveness and peribronchial fibrosis during chronic fungal asthma","volume":"160","author":"Blease","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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