{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:32:08Z","timestamp":1786422728562,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004869","name":"Westf\u00e4lische Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) is a human pathogen of global public health importance. A key element of MRSA decolonization strategies is the administration of mupirocin, an antibiotic also used to treat superficial skin infections. However, the emergence and global increase of mupirocin-resistant (mupR)-MRSA highlight the need for active surveillance to support evidence-based MRSA control measures. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance, genetic diversity, and plasmid profiles of mupR-MRSA from Germany and South Africa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phenotypic identification of mupR-MRSA strains was verified by molecular methods.  Characterization of all strains included PCR detection of Panton-Valentine leucocidin, immune evasion cluster genes, and staphylococcal protein A typing. Representative strains from each spa type were selected for whole-genome sequencing to determine their clonal lineages and relationships, including antibiotic and virulence gene content. Comparative analysis, phylogeny and classification of\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -carrying plasmids were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-two mupR-MRSA were characterized, comprising 32 strains that exhibited high-level mupirocin resistance (HmupR) and 50 strains with low-level mupirocin resistance (LmupR). The plasmid-mediated\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and the V588F mutation in the bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene were identified in strains that demonstrated HmupR and LmupR, respectively. However,\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the V588F mutation were detected in two strains from Germany. The mupR-MRSA from Germany were assigned to CC1, CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30, and ST59, while those from South Africa were grouped into CC8, CC22, and CC30. The strains harboured different SCC\n                      <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      types (IIa, III, IVa, IVj, and V). Notably, mupR CC22-MRSA-IVj and tst-positive CC30-MRSA-IIa strains were identified in both countries. The\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive plasmids formed four distinct communities, including two singletons. The\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive plasmids from the strains in Germany often carried the aminoglycoside (\n                      <jats:italic>aac(6')-Ie\/aph(2'')-Ia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) resistance genes. However, the \u03b2-lactam (\n                      <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), arsenic (\n                      <jats:italic>arsB, arsC, arsR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and copper (\n                      <jats:italic>mco<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) resistance genes were primarily identified on\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive plasmids from strains obtained in South Africa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the genetic diversity and potential for horizontal gene transfer among\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive MRSA lineages in the two countries, further supported by the regional clustering of\n                      <jats:italic>mupA<\/jats:italic>\n                      plasmids. Integrating genomic surveillance of chromosomal- and plasmid-mediated resistance with antimicrobial use and clinical data is needed for targeted MRSA infection prevention and control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1865925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:21:29Z","timestamp":1786422089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular characterization of mupirocin-resistant MRSA from Germany and South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adebayo Osagie","family":"Shittu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster","place":["M\u00fcnster, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Perovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses (CHARM) at National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), and University of Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Layer-Nicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre (NRC) for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute","place":["Wernigerode, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Strommenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre (NRC) for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute","place":["Wernigerode, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomiwa Olumide","family":"Adesoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taofiq Adewale","family":"Sulayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayorinde Oluwatobiloba","family":"Afolayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures","place":["Braunschweig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Mellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital M\u00fcnster","place":["M\u00fcnster, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frieder","family":"Schaumburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster","place":["M\u00fcnster, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00707-8","article-title":"The prevalence and molecular mechanisms of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a hospital in Cape","volume":"9","author":"Abdulgader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Infection Control"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01663-12","article-title":"Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST239 with high-level mupirocin and inducible clindamycin resistance in a tertiary care center in Chennai, South India","volume":"50","author":"Abimanyu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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