{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:42:36Z","timestamp":1790131356053,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate clinical characteristics, co-detection patterns, and prognostic risk factors of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study of 621 children with laboratory-detected hMPV infection. Clinical data, laboratory indicators, and co-detection status were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent risk factors for severe pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Median age was 3.50 years (IQR 1.75\u20134.75). Of 621 patients, 399 (64.3%) had Single-detection and 222 (35.7%) co-detection, with viral-viral co-detection dominant (68.9%) and rhinovirus the most common co-pathogen (39.6%). Only platelet count and aspartate aminotransferase differed significantly between groups (both P&amp;lt;0.01), with all inflammatory markers improving post-treatment (all P&amp;lt;0.001). Viral-bacterial co-detection was associated with longer hospitalization (median 6.5 days) and higher severe pneumonia rate (14.5%, both P&amp;lt;0.01). Multivariate analysis identified\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-detection (aOR=8.43, 95%CI:1.50\u201347.32), prolonged fever duration (aOR=1.19, 95%CI:1.02\u20131.38), and procalcitonin \u22650.5 ng\/mL (aOR=4.27, 95%CI:1.76\u201310.33) as independent risk factors for severe pneumonia. Older age (3\u20135 years: aOR=0.20; &amp;gt;5 years: aOR=0.03) showed significant protective effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      hMPV infection is most prevalent in preschool children. Viral-bacterial co-detection was associated with worse clinical outcomes.\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-detection, prolonged fever, and elevated procalcitonin were independently associated with increased risk, while older age was associated with reduced risk. These findings support early risk stratification and targeted intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1868123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:22:08Z","timestamp":1783398128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical characteristics, co-detection patterns and prognostic risk factors of human metapneumovirus infection in children: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Adicon Medical Laboratory Co. Ltd.","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengfei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Adicon Medical Laboratory Co. Ltd.","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Adicon Medical Laboratory Co. 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