{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:02:04Z","timestamp":1784523724086,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Esherishia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (spp.) pose serious public health threats because of their ability to contaminate poultry products and spread through farm environments. This study assessed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence gene profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving the random collection of 400 samples from broilers, drinker\u2019s water, feedstuff, broiler litter, and poultry workers in broiler farms. Furthermore, a structural questionnaire was administered to poultry workers to identify potential risk factors and assess the public health implications associated with pathogen transmission. The antimicrobial and anti-virulence activities of melanin against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were also assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were frequently isolated from broiler farms, with a predominance of.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      serotype O111:H2 (25.64%) and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains (30.4%) among the total examined samples. Multivariate analysis revealed that poultry workers, who had symptoms worsened after starting farm work and those did not use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were strongly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited full resistance to ampicillin (AMP) and tetracycline (TET), whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates showed full resistance to AMP. Most of the examined\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (71.8%) and the\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates (60.9%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. In addition, 28.2% of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates and 30.4% of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates were -XDR. The\n                      <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>\n                      1,\n                      <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>\n                      2, and\n                      <jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>\n                      A virulence genes were respectively detected in 69.2%, 69.2%, and 74.4% of the examined\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, whereas the\n                      <jats:italic>sop<\/jats:italic>\n                      B and\n                      <jats:italic>hil<\/jats:italic>\n                      A virulence genes were identified in all\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that natural melanin treatment significantly reduced the expression of virulence genes in both\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The predominance of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      serotypes O111 and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      highlights the need for improved hygiene practices and zoonotic diseases awareness to limit pathogen transmission in poultry farms. The detection of MDR and XDR strains e emphasizes the consequences of antimicrobial misuse and its implications for public health. Melanin has potential antimicrobial and anti-virulence activities against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. enteritidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1868544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1784521231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial and anti-virulent efficacies of melanin, and risk factors associated with Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from broiler farms and humans: integrating a one health approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amira S. A.","family":"Attia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa","family":"El-Gazzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Mohmoud Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Qena University","place":["Qena, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City","place":["Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab E.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-baqir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Saed Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Abdalla El-sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada Abd Elmoniem","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University","place":["Zagazig, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Almadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M. 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