{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:34Z","timestamp":1787026294732,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biofilm formation is a critical virulence factor that facilitates the persistence and transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (KP) in healthcare settings, complicating infection control efforts. This study aimed to characterize the biofilm-forming capacity of KP isolates with different resistance phenotypes and to evaluate the antibacterial, biofilm-inhibitory, and biofilm-eradicating activities of commonly used disinfectants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-five clinical KP isolates were enrolled, comprising 15 susceptible isolates, 15 extended-spectrum\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2-lactamase<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ESBL)-producing isolates, and 15 carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CRKP) isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium bromide, and sodium hypochlorite were determined by broth microdilution. Biofilm formation was quantified over 7 days using crystal violet staining (OD\n                      <jats:sub>590<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). The inhibitory and eradicating effects of chlorhexidine, benzalkonium bromide, and sodium hypochlorite on biofilms were further assessed by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MIC and MBC values of the five disinfectants were identical across the three KP groups. Chlorhexidine exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity (MIC: 16 \u00b5g\/mL; MBC: 32 \u00b5g\/mL). Biofilm biomass increased progressively in all groups, peaking on day 5. In the inhibition assay, OD\n                      <jats:sub>590<\/jats:sub>\n                      values in disinfectant-treated groups remained consistently lower than those in the positive control group, with 16 \u00b5g\/mL chlorhexidine, 32 \u00b5g\/mL benzalkonium bromide, and 1000 \u00b5g\/mL sodium hypochlorite all significantly reducing biofilm biomass by day 5 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In the eradication assay, 2000 \u00b5g\/mL chlorhexidine and 5000 \u00b5g\/mL sodium hypochlorite significantly reduced OD\n                      <jats:sub>590<\/jats:sub>\n                      values compared with the untreated control (P &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas 2000 \u00b5g\/mL sodium hypochlorite did not.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chlorhexidine, benzalkonium bromide, and sodium hypochlorite effectively inhibited biofilm formation in KP isolates regardless of resistance phenotype. Chlorhexidine and benzalkonium bromide exhibited stronger inhibitory activity than sodium hypochlorite. Chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite also demonstrated biofilm-eradicating activity, with chlorhexidine showing the greatest overall efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1873119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:49Z","timestamp":1783657489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of common disinfectants on biofilm formation and eradication in Klebsiella pneumoniae with different resistance phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chenlei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)","place":["Wuhu, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.06.016","article-title":"Biofilm inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine conjugated gold nanoparticles against Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"98","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. 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