{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:04:56Z","timestamp":1789646696943,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Group A\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; GAS) is a World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen for vaccine development. GAS vaccine development and trials have been impeded by a poor understanding of GAS immunity, and to date no correlate of protection has been identified. The predominant focus of efforts has been to establish antibody correlates of protection. However, T cell immunity may provide important contributions to clinical protection from GAS. This is supported by a possible relationship between the life-course ontogeny of T cell reactivity and repertoire compared with age-related GAS epidemiology. T cells are also the target of superantigens, a key GAS virulence mechanism. Furthermore, T cells have important functions in protection against other extracellular respiratory bacteria. Here, we explore immune risk factors associated with GAS epidemiology and clinical manifestations highlighting the dual protective (e.g. GAS-specific Th17 cells) and pathogenic (e.g. CD8+ T cells) role of T cells in GAS infection and how this could be harnessed in future research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1876394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:48:09Z","timestamp":1789645689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T cells in Group A Streptococcus infection: protection or pathology?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liya","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Bristol Vaccine Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of 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